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Post by ben on Apr 16, 2013 15:02:02 GMT -5
I was searching on Preview, but figured if the category of the idol changes I'd need to relook over all the words I've searched in the past so I'll just post here (and probably just edit, so people don't see my post count going up too much.
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Post by ben on Apr 16, 2013 15:16:31 GMT -5
duke
jigsaw
untraveled
crooningly
unsmothered
allier
rescript
pommy
rankine
outbat
journalised
wenchow
overmature
procuratorship
despondingly
hylotheist
preadmit
shape
fulgor
ethanamide
imago
invalidness
pelopea
lunchless
aeroneurosis
nonduality
photodynamical
pandareus
roc
osvaldo
moultrie
braccia
ulsterman
encompass
pelham
hyperimmunize
unfluffed
screeching
puniest
pauperized
digit
transmissible
jctn
revivably
uncurved
phagophobia
interrex
ammoniac
suffragettism
apocopate
ichthyosis
phytogeographical
prehesitated
dorse
cook
cautious
farthingale
philyra
biliary
myxoedema
nonmythological
ar￢?te
metonym
trave
histrionics
hemosiderin
dialytically
censurable
electrocardiographically
nyx
tapping
flooring
histidin
robus
addible
dogma
gallerylike
logopedic
remilitarization
aplanospore
acceleration
unbenignity
endomorphic
raveler
augustness
disagreement
communism
misspelling
palettelike
redtapism
brachycephaly
subinfer
superexcrescent
cyclorama
moroseness
boomtown
outtrotted
variatively
puttier
underseeded
nonmelodramatically
semilyric
pseudoprosperous
conclave
unmerchandised
osteogenesis
rockaway
intarsist
mezereum
tombless
ungazing
prest
appraise
overdecadent
absorbance
nontransposing
kerr
contextual
comeatable
nonfermentative
azan
pseudogyrate
chitarrone
darnel
ungifted
undissolved
doumergue
odontograph
liter
acrimoniously
polyparies
copiousness
isocephalic
postolivary
skippy
cigarillo
maura
shore
tabby
nesosilicate
grittiest
holmium
fratch
siddons
dimidiated
reception
synaxis
snively
allochthonous
steerer
total
noneloquent
favours
russophobe
citronellol
stamina
cylindrical
jurigging
sunlessly
simplified
inclined
waggonette
chemosorb
syllabicate
patois
quebecer
preresolved
equisetic
atomicity
undevoted
usquebaugh
onions
unrushing
noncaloric
neap
bologna
kakapo
glutathione
vestie
deletion
speedball
can
stout
paleoclimatology
gasteropod
receding
enneastyle
shimazaki
acceptation
accountability
rah
ecumenical
ravelling
sandhurst
ira
jockeylike
cellulous
record
hudibrastically
quintile
scrimmaged
csch
guiltier
peake
likeable
hastiest
knownothingism
uncanonize
evesham
soil
insalivated
enquiry
pennied
constrict
carriageway
heartache
comedic
devised
dogcart
overflat
unscotched
baywood
droughtiness
vizagapatam
ajivika
pharmacognostic
nonsubmergible
unrecognitory
drainable
repatronized
autotomise
jonquil
permeator
gazelle
angerly
undiverse
ngk
disinhumed
pergolesi
laoighis
arctically
trustless
indecorous
overdefensive
turtlehead
rushville
custody
steepleless
petrarchist
disboweling
prepledge
mudguard
fuegian
guesthouse
pulsation
subhealth
cavilingly
seeable
redipping
federate
epithelization
penurious
harthacanute
semiglaze
diallage
gonococcic
shapelessness
cudahy
araban
gremlin
elapse
demonstrative
void
glucoprotein
preascertain
cervin
sulfone
panoptical
nonstrophic
rebaled
impedimental
hugeously
pathfinding
exteriorising
venally
floridly
elys
stigmatiser
hyperpotassemic
bovid
hideously
mesial
perishably
surjection
theoclymenus
circuitry
kashgar
unnavigated
peavy
hormisdas
inflamedness
menace
preexhaustion
supernotableness
auxin
swineherd
unluxurious
nebulization
underwarden
ethnolinguistic
intrigante
colorful
resuspend
coachwork
mareograph
unforgiven
coronach
fibrinogenous
catholicate
civility
astraphobia
rechallenging
mazaedium
chorographic
pygmalion
disembowelling
rhapsodize
retrograding
biguanide
exarchate
unheady
controvertist
overwrought
boyar
erato
precis
decamerous
partners
hemispheroid
jundiai
unmerry
khmer
vestigially
spiritistic
coadjutor
oedema
intruding
claytonia
scimitar
kellia
underbid
reasonableness
coquette
factiously
humanization
noncompulsoriness
proterandrousness
slovene
syllogistically
chancelleries
kassite
lactescense
capitalistic
redifferentiation
subcorporation
mesothoraces
incantational
filing
granulocytic
unspiced
diminution
torticollis
gradus
intersocietal
commotion
fleshiest
frenchwomen
unhyphenable
compotatory
darling
supplying
unstalemated
oceanid
locrus
warsle
preinscribed
predespondent
diplomatically
antileague
gemology
agba
dasyure
radios
characterized
morrie
hague
does
namaland
embroideress
sanforise
o''flaherty
sinanthropus
unchargeable
axiomatically
hothead
bret￢?che
oviposition
corvallis
drooliest
electrotonus
cuplike
proffer
scathelessly
cloddish
bethel
miraflores
unsapient
whiling
scarabaeid
hotplate
poet
prepriced
gwendolynne
penuche
nonspecified
thitherto
bonham
unconfounding
antichthon
feliciana
unlitigating
tussle
mattathias
november
anaesthetize
aspidistra
prepurpose
subdominant
noninfection
preabsorbent
brewton
holder
antisepticise
fraternizing
scrutinise
disendow
nonreduction
lithely
ectad
noncircuited
inhuman
asherite
semiparasite
barogram
bicornate
preracing
pedagogics
petrarch
dynasty
unchipping
disproportionate
ridge
ahidjo
presentably
preshare
wrvs
hothouse
coder
abortifacient
hydroscopic
incalescence
stereoptican
orthodoxy
carburized
birchen
fidget
apostatise
harlequin
moldiness
moralistically
kef
arcticology
aficionado
choreographer
bearbaiter
flatfootedness
profoundness
darbyite
empurple
blood
pavlodar
phallicism
skinnery
intrusional
recrudesce
swaging
mosaically
camelopardalis
shogun
rivaled
wainage
duopoly
zygapophysial
subminimal
curling
fluoroscopic
hitter
diaster
palaeology
kislev
chlorpheniramine
superagrarian
maximilian
shostakovich
nippur
renardine
patripotestal
lusia
conformance
oregonian
predisagreed
montevallo
nucleation
shelliest
piezochemistry
nonexcepted
nature
pharmacological
nival
decomposability
hatable
breast
mucopurulent
piest
rebellious
dishonor
tetrahydroxy
foamy
indemonstrably
camphire
subtaxer
bimensal
amanda
evoker
preadmission
benefactor
ostrogothian
unweened
phonated
attendantly
palmate
object
hessite
clanswoman
puckerer
postelementary
unravelled
rankly
unlame
intergalactic
nonimmanence
dwalm
resort
synoetic
overreduce
baptistic
alive
expressionismus
kurdestan
modernizer
nonsecretarial
nontractableness
latish
nonsympathizing
wonky
loris
uneastern
superwoman
subsocially
stingy
kweiyang
unapprehensible
gaberloonie
provident
cytokinesis
precondition
reactionarism
archimedes
pseudoscopy
nonassumptive
adherently
footcloth
whatsoe''er
instigation
skywriting
valonia
noncorroding
thumbikin
outpace
contrapositive
acarnan
squire
taxila
gondoletta
superobject
relicensed
procreator
middlebrowism
esthesiometer
broad
unsectional
monophysite
uncircled
openhandedly
shrug
altigraph
pronavy
aerialness
zeta
klaipeda
soapless
ungustatory
stecher
orchiectomy
lecturer
alienability
glycerin
mullion
unplayable
dottily
likeliest
bison
bugout
excludible
aegir
wodgy
customary
tintinnabulary
cothurnus
undertake
refection
hypobasis
stacher
occidentalised
northing
corresponsively
onega
nonenvironmental
mal
taluk
agreeableness
roasting
coenosarc
unabsorbed
doubleheader
iterate
herringlike
telegram
kitwe
promotional
intercommoner
orthogonality
fuehrer
acid
nonvesting
fossilize
mission
tyler
intorsion
cistic
predrawer
torquate
commutual
snash
mashgihim
shiv
copalm
autecologic
dramatized
sendable
squishiest
outvote
scrawny
pantheistically
inclinatorily
elusory
covinously
recommendation
earache
eleutherius
nebbish
teat
schemingly
uncovenanted
einthoven
weu
carcas
epineurium
nonsanctimony
isohyet
gimp
samekh
diacritical
rita
hessian
apochromat
commemoratively
uncruel
golp
whiggism
malocclusion
mokpo
caricature
preadvice
ptyalectasis
incandescent
untrafficked
arbitrationist
peroxidizing
mirabelle
gerar
glowfly
valetta
weekends
ladylike
monongahela
auscultation
tacitus
unthreadable
pelasgi
ricotta
kanamycin
evince
outparish
nectarean
outspeaking
frond
whore
semipeaceful
canon
aspersive
baron
reinfiltrated
hourlong
scarp
coelom
spindlelike
duple
hemizygote
inlit
observatory
underdosed
mistakableness
supersincerity
staidness
pelecypod
thesaurismosis
algraphic
invalidly
fractious
daren''t
confederating
h￥ﾽbert
antecedental
rotatively
wallaby
eluviating
frostbit
bol
anticatalyst
slouchy
chamblee
cloot
colorful
emeu
encoring
waker
unbolster
usia
scud￥ﾽry
neatly
acoelomatous
karelia
huddie
interruption
dandy
onagraceous
byelovo
langridge
ombudsman
preconflict
shrieky
haussa
apophysial
unfructified
magnificence
vascularisation
bestiary
plutonium
intraspinally
independency
underteamed
consolation
septuagenary
shedlike
bestead
reek
miso
chroma
alburnous
colleagueship
sewn
kago
whisker
orthogonally
mulish
hereat
natrolite
interrelate
morgagni
unresistable
chasles
monoid
cimices
brachydactylia
hilliard
labuan
undetectible
micrological
prefiller
evoking
wolffishes
hilarity
predefinition
wrinkleless
refinancing
anodise
geminated
roseberry
potlicker
huzzah
hypervitaminosis
fetishistic
raucousness
waffness
masonic
videophone
bismarckianism
initiative
unmeltable
misgraft
speed
checkwriter
underaim
patronage
syntonized
pyjamas
bellinzona
avalanched
ameliorableness
chinquapin
unworthy
ungula
aristodemus
freebooter
agglomeration
horn
apices
lifelike
hitchier
lordliness
rehospitalization
pulitzer
sham
smoodging
duet
chastised
kraus
falkner
nail
spriteless
zadok
photogravure
nonspectacular
postdiphtheric
preinstructional
scandalmonger
ammonium
telpher
maraged
gryphon
palos
emperorship
fascistically
gainlessness
supervalued
molluscum
receptionist
intershot
pastel
immedicable
benefactor
alma
dentary
antler
gteau
amanda
preessential
rente
douma
perinde
despitefully
ichnite
stereovision
vowelize
unconvolute
blriot
amethyst
neoterized
hypersensitivity
fishmouth
unexplaining
andron
electrophoretic
bucephalus
gelatinized
demirep
herpetic
interactionism
myatrolia
bartolozzi
exchangee
outinvent
addictedness
cashaw
quarterfinalist
isabelle
noisomely
tootsie
gasolier
zurbar￢?ﾡn
indivisibly
unsalable
fah
exilable
deteriorative
occulter
cherishingly
immigrate
dialyzator
huac
melody
analogistic
archdeaconship
diagrammed
elie
aperiodically
uninspired
diaeresis
separatist
unvulturous
pseudoascetical
ecumenist
fam
muscovado
plastered
unindividuated
labradoritic
hexagon
miliary
outsmile
pepsinating
sweetbrier
carmentis
wrung
knavishness
overmoralized
atys
underthought
mannerless
forbore
bobsledded
minuet
leningrad
orchestrated
bearishly
roadworthy
overirrigation
limner
carburising
burglarious
proexperimentation
circumrotatory
concessible
counterfeiter
headrace
rebab
nonconsequential
mogote
gemarist
heathenise
hillocky
kra
poikiloblast
rollskating
cadmium
unrefusing
antihygienic
redispersal
seamark
undoubting
dissimulating
dawes
amberjack
writings
mineralizing
outrib
schmoozing
horology
aldrich
occident
supergovern
indiscretionary
cham
nonsensual
cavel
surculose
fletcherism
fleeciness
crimeless
untwirling
adolphus
changchun
kunowsky
intervene
mobilising
leaseless
operculate
heterotrichous
fulminate
unciteable
describer
goriness
cardplayer
whittaker
coloradoite
seepage
admirably
fatback
nonorganically
freisch￥ﾸtz
aspersed
whitleather
supersulfuizing
airy
rhein
youthen
reflower
unfumbling
tempter
conjure
accusatival
pseudoscientifically
victualed
danzig
unharmful
ikan
unharrowed
prefeudalism
untoasted
centralisation
fifa
precompel
resail
deontologist
officialized
iatrical
metrorrhagic
asphyxia
unpretentiousness
edentulate
consequentially
brennan
feud
rediffusing
stalemating
unfainting
atebrin
farthermost
ruysdael
wetback
sunbow
frizzly
degression
nonflakiness
promulging
jujitsu
preservable
acetophenetidin
ballistocardiograph
superexport
cannonball
detergence
corollaceous
pavonis
penis
colorlessly
winner
cythera
overabused
sufflating
worrisome
obtect
calvaria
picturized
muffy
livestock
sexpot
increate
nonsecretion
suddenness
retinged
monacillos
backstage
whirlies
distillation
devilkin
nonequivocal
nestorian
helminthic
surfrider
comprized
seismographer
nauruan
cantish
noneuphonious
unwrestled
withdrew
reticular
protragedy
belfort
cylindric
countershading
unprofessional
subgape
agravic
corrigibility
cibarious
lucy
temporisingly
prefatorial
golf
spyglass
niemler
cagliostro
fa￢?ﾢence
metamale
peg
neophyte
lawfulness
soak
unfeelingness
brightener
chirr
epenthesis
unblock
subconnation
repunishable
unfloating
exultancy
predestinating
sleekier
acidize
demilitarise
amundsen
castrametation
nonissuable
crazedly
dicotyledon
vernal
reconcilability
interdebated
derrick
uncaped
bridle
quichua
crepuscular
queening
palencia
pergamenian
carillons
microcrystalline
reliefless
conventionalizing
zesty
overloose
aperies
laminate
unmouldered
apnoea
forester
cybernetician
prestatistical
uncoaxed
breadthless
barlow
mckenna
exterritorial
dsm
featherbrained
fumy
moist
yuman
quantise
infilling
untarnishing
melioristic
locoism
panoply
touch
sinuslike
tas
adversa
unevolved
nonderisive
abortional
preadvertise
unrespectability
fluvial
teeth
miseries
thigh
interrelate
tortola
obstructionism
jibbing
patios
chloroguanide
neologistic
recrudescent
autotelic
lechery
resquander
ruttiest
cowlike
autosuggestibility
shirtmaking
resider
chivalric
loathe
chatterbox
cook
mahican
malwa
mag
antidemocracy
upbound
dreamboat
palatality
polyparies
undershore
declamatory
apokatastasis
renunciative
accius
pyjamas
monopteron
iaea
maigre
upwards
remanufacture
meroblastic
exostosis
neoscholasticism
drumlier
indefinably
unremarkable
deflator
boulangism
narev
expressman
amic
undeteriorating
began
tankful
fibrinogenic
otherwhile
shamba
england
coastline
pedagogue
practised
versicolor
mortimer
aviate
threadfin
lipocyte
negligent
cedilla
ino
mannerly
subdie
pallidness
yowler
manpower
diameter
sideways
retwine
rippler
hodding
spillikins
bezonian
spooniness
frauen
stephens
ectomorph
feints
kufa
cosset
tanya
masterdom
gettable
wheen
brute
pollex
salience
buddie
araxes
malacca
mobile
niobrara
halmaheira
praeneste
biggest
equating
gatehouses
shalloon
ululate
predraft
molasses
othin
molly
reverable
looby
poachier
breather
periwig
wastable
bunn
lightish
sulfonal
useful
rubber
acronymic
vesper
comprise
lasse
cassation
crash
droitural
trampoline
phylloid
multisonic
gilguy
remnant
gazpacho
darraign
arytenoid
preexecute
folio
wheelless
aeolis
chondromas
waney
mobcap
j?zef
ducasse
paramita
innkeeper
citronella
wanaque
nabalism
placeable
indices
wabash
clinostat
accessorius
subprioress
modernistic
whalesucker
burnishment
interneuron
wreathpiece
iconography
quintillion
nonpossible
trochophore
thenceforth
distortedly
previgilant
unneglected
hologonidia
phonometric
titanically
feudalistic
hyacinthine
tripinnated
methylation
postfemoral
cocainizing
preinvasive
austereness
consistency
ammoniation
lionhearted
deprecatory
evangeliser
fredrikstad
hemeralopia
uncompliant
aminophenol
semimineral
vasectomize
helichrysum
pasteurella
vinaigrette
antatrophic
latensified
amicability
ectotrophic
handbreadth
embryectomy
patternable
electricity
provisorily
itinerantly
intelligent
reconnoitre
crackerjack
nonskipping
edaphically
sequestrate
stultifying
indignantly
origenistic
smotherable
superheresy
ecthymatous
continuator
multilineal
paleobotany
nonbusyness
measureless
altitudinal
exanthemata
unification
supercritic
illegalized
geoisotherm
cenesthesia
nonpurchase
untrimmable
liquidising
bactericide
marshalling
steadfastly
storekeeper
bifurcation
whitherward
yevtushenko
unmitigated
dissolution
frenchiness
balloonfish
renominated
rememorized
unsprayable
lustfulness
unconfected
crepitation
hexahemeric
criminative
callousness
prefriendly
prelabeling
predeceased
hymnologist
expiscatory
copywriting
champignons
pediculosis
circumbasal
piscatorial
protonotary
subengineer
physiognomy
chirography
prepunctual
fletcherise
deflagrable
aseptically
chicaneries
excrescency
equinoctial
reconciling
dialyzation
reglorified
plantocracy
nonassister
enlightener
unseaworthy
inoxidizing
aftergrowth
unmotivated
unbewailing
congregator
nonaerating
bricklaying
nontheatric
doggonedest
satiability
predivision
allemontite
desexualise
facetiously
perchloride
staurolitic
woodcarving
swellheaded
totemically
killikinick
wholesomely
superpraise
counterfort
amblygonite
laccolithic
nonperjured
compellable
cunningness
unsparkling
mongrelness
antiquating
preceremony
overexcited
emmenthaler
subinferior
circulation
pantomiming
augmentable
typographic
presurmised
nontactical
prebarbaric
unscourging
predisgrace
dichotomous
unferocious
pretraining
pentagonoid
hatchettine
semielastic
ventilative
triadically
unconformed
francophile
reactionist
cicatrizant
excogitator
saintliness
ovovitellin
antidotally
nonnobility
dispersible
archegonial
lecherously
nonperilous
parasitized
untemptable
reconsoling
ludwigsburg
libertarian
depopulated
communising
hyposthenia
semirefined
cauliflower
rose
unepilogued
overscruple
reencounter
competitive
hepatectomy
parablastic
misbuttoned
kangarooing
crampfishes
nonmicrobic
pedipalpate
sonnetizing
strikebound
tritheistic
uncommented
interseptal
ignobleness
outbreathed
preconflict
nonreticent
progressist
tetracoccus
causatively
diversional
embellisher
lamellosity
streakiness
fl￥ﾽchettes
olethreutid
unjudgelike
magindanaos
barnesville
repatronize
blasphemous
competingly
unveracious
antemundane
undestroyed
unproofread
unsalivated
disyllabize
misoccupied
subhysteria
panhellenic
holdenville
importantly
repellently
antiegotist
pituitaries
editorially
malfunction
pseudolobar
computerise
obstructive
polygenetic
confliction
skilfulness
reemphasize
radiolucent
nonnescient
undraftable
fluorescing
cattishness
treashouses
heedfulness
uneffulgent
triggerless
trincomalee
cryosurgery
italicizing
nongrievous
downpatrick
tetrahedral
endosporium
preaverring
amenability
incentively
unglutinous
diapophysis
rathskeller
meprobamate
esotericism
diatessaron
unmouldable
underthings
peculiarity
stretchable
blurredness
nonresident
verbalizing
uninventive
mentonni?re
fatuousness
postphrenic
stratifying
oneiromancy
waterlessly
flameholder
unanalyzing
fragmentary
describably
externality
unflattened
monoplanist
unstormable
misnarrated
areosystyle
chilipepper
rhamnaceous
nonbromidic
preeruptive
renaissance
delineating
subadvocate
tranquility
confliction
dexterously
osteoplasty
prologuized
discernable
concealable
immedicable
gourmandise
unamputated
bricklaying
postxiphoid
haematozoal
slouchingly
disposingly
columnarity
nongeologic
wrigglework
unexcessive
corybantian
stendhalian
postfebrile
parheliacal
epeirogenic
mongreliser
menorrhagia
repudiatory
profaneness
forgivingly
albuquerque
reproducing
pennyweight
pragmatical
chariotlike
rescissible
hebephrenia
emblematize
incarnation
nonillusive
abiotrophic
subcolumnar
abolishment
reprovision
corroborant
granulating
columbaries
stylostixis
dolorimeter
retardative
thiensville
nonclerical
nonsubtlety
establisher
perfectible
ozoniferous
pericranium
colonisable
compositely
blockbuster
septifragal
hyperoxemia
abidingness
nonprossing
unmobilized
reorganised
fearfulness
seguidillas
overbracing
mithridatic
reallotment
bookbinding
confabulate
prestruggle
premilitary
crystalline
phosphorise
subdividing
saintpaulia
pitifulness
emasculator
preaptitude
insufflated
desalinized
burglarized
nonacoustic
hedgehopper
impoundment
unstirrable
schefferite
embarkation
kaliningrad
pertinacity
aquaemanale
nonveracity
anosognosia
optionality
subumbellar
undercircle
speckedness
demographic
unfeudalize
hyposthenia
catharistic
recollected
geodynamics
decolonized
quinoxaline
obliterable
sovietising
overassumed
unnauseated
solifluxion
helpfulness
penetralian
refulgently
heterophyte
lacrimatory
definitized
calefactory
circularise
uninfringed
centralizer
guesthouses
unstaggered
helicograph
australioid
unrelapsing
poussinisme
senegambian
liabilities
creationary
preliberate
nonexcepted
propranolol
confabulate
kulturkreis
deaminating
francophobe
tabularised
neanderthal
swordplayer
polyphagist
redescribed
studiedness
visualizing
telescoping
congealment
ethnologist
genteelness
nonshedding
remigrating
fluoroscope
barbarizing
chalcidicum
paracelsist
backstabber
overforward
invigorated
didacticism
overfervent
preimproved
romanticist
phosphorise
hospitality
unprofessed
refractedly
phosphation
obsolescing
journeywork
viceregency
computerize
nourishment
bondholding
vicegerency
kanchipuram
clostridium
carbonizing
gametically
ottomanlike
crunchiness
unpredicted
jargonising
awelessness
spearfishes
acrobatical
containedly
cyclopaedia
overforward
principally
gemmologist
drillmaster
submultiple
discalceate
transarctic
icosahedral
misproposed
tirunelveli
aromatizing
electrolyze
devastating
ectoblastic
coenobitism
magnateship
indefective
hypokalemia
polymnestor
vapourising
fornicatrix
operoseness
unrehearsed
repurposing
sublecturer
spermogonia
synchromesh
egotistical
nonaspiring
bipinnately
deoxygenize
squattiness
trinomially
popularised
wrigglework
unemotional
hypsometric
appeasingly
convulsible
catoptrical
trichinized
latticelike
burnishable
previolated
embrocating
nonfrenetic
cornucopian
reprosecute
brittleness
actualistic
aspersively
cotoneaster
spitsticker
crepidomata
semijocular
supersacral
unbalconied
sulfonating
yachtswomen
overprovide
stylistical
prejuvenile
antipatriot
unsubverted
suppurating
periodontia
kymographic
prepromoted
diffractive
vesiculated
itinerarium
monogenetic
headworking
mesenchymal
thermometer
matronizing
infusionist
huffishness
nonperverse
executioner
tabularized
swordfishes
fissiparous
cumbernauld
tennesseean
recomputing
damnability
ecumenicity
uncentrical
pauselessly
nonfugitive
artophorion
homologized
astrogation
appellation
prosurgical
adventurous
decussately
gonycampsis
brachiation
ecumenicism
rectilinear
schoolhouse
hibernicise
enunciatory
secularizer
nonmarrying
descamisado
subexecutor
unquivering
deservingly
presentable
madrigalist
anticryptic
dzaudzhikau
antireality
preinviting
nonsporting
unmullioned
dilatometer
auriculated
unredeeming
gnostically
disputative
nondutiable
temporarily
underjacket
palladizing
octennially
manstealing
judaization
untraceried
borohydride
crackedness
perpetrated
obsequeence
comedically
judgmatical
unstoppably
allopathist
nonlocation
iconography
promilitary
abstentious
pustulating
housemother
unheritable
cutaneously
slightingly
hollywooder
lagomorphic
coordinates
co￥ﾡrdinate
peculiarity
glaucescent
besiegement
postcubital
unflavorous
passeriform
meaningless
liederkranz
confirmable
unfortified
alloplasmic
unprofessed
joukahainen
shirtmaking
switzerland
unweighable
hyperimmune
nondendroid
obviousness
undersprung
nuncupative
internuncio
synthesizer
salmonberry
hetaeristic
tribunicial
bucaramanga
neuromastic
mismanaging
impanelment
knucklehead
pleurodynia
overspicing
recapturing
dissyllable
decasualize
offenseless
baskerville
divisionary
pontoppidan
explosively
preregister
levitically
unsubmerged
undertrader
vertebrally
platinizing
tchervonetz
unshivering
paracelsist
brownsville
corruptedly
globefishes
nonethereal
centrifuged
superobject
cultureless
unjudgelike
abnormalize
decelerated
provostship
abridgeable
johnsonburg
elinguating
caddishness
febriferous
nonthinking
prechoosing
thrasybulus
postfemoral
determinant
reactionism
policewoman
delocalised
spindlelike
synesthesia
lyophilized
cochinchine
farthermost
procuratory
latitudinal
nonprospect
qphallicism
nonraisable
contestably
earnestness
oscillogram
carburising
biconcavity
eurodollars
tetrahydric
dromedaries
unspinnable
unminimised
unsatcheled
szymanowski
pontificate
demoraliser
thermoduric
granulomata
demigoddess
decerebrate
tromometric
outspinning
overqualify
antibilious
aphrodisiac
multitester
circulation
synchronism
pseudopious
edulcorated
rammishness
independent
increasedly
talkatively
erodibility
resistivity
leeuwenhoek
colloquiums
deferential
idioplasmic
interiority
proselytism
pretypified
janitorship
structuring
sprightlier
delphiniums
explosively
noumenalism
brothellike
reconfining
rubrication
unbalconied
unprosaical
registrated
keratoconus
constructor
euphonizing
scaremonger
protolithic
preadoption
showerproof
predadating
uncheerable
misreliance
unfostering
apperceived
theocentric
histiocytic
nonentailed
connateness
forejudging
formalistic
unmortgaged
sporulating
refinancing
marqueterie
nonruminant
namaqualand
tunableness
contingency
inceptively
unfidgeting
fulgentness
mesomorphic
illegalised
delinquency
amphoricity
gravimetric
resubscribe
abstinently
coconscious
brickleness
triumvirate
indanthrene
conjugative
predistress
uncalmative
swinishness
ketogenesis
unallowable
unshapeable
sulfonating
vichyssoise
episcopally
candlemaker
superoutput
petrologist
multiported
hyperbatons
accordatura
brahmajnana
prolateness
stomatology
bladdernose
reemanating
steatolysis
ritualistic
mutualising
reassociate
unrealising
outdistance
antherozoid
preparental
interfering
unschematic
compa￢??ero
progambling
unbefitting
symbolistic
condottiere
houseworker
undiscarded
brutalizing
pullulating
monasterial
unpreaching
unkenneling
telegrapher
affirmative
overagitate
peristalsis
unparcelled
oxyaldehyde
unsulliable
centenarian
underbillow
silvicolous
primigenial
calciferous
posturising
melodically
nonadhesive
worshipless
noncadenced
villageless
disputeless
morphinized
paragrapher
ferriferous
permutation
premodified
superanimal
buzzardlike
unconsulted
sanguineous
nectarising
nonprovided
chrismatory
nonbuoyancy
subincision
ephemerally
portraitist
foppishness
prounionist
shahaptians
flagellator
significant
kinetoscope
honorifical
transcalent
coalescence
hippocampal
dihybridism
equableness
squashiness
melioration
consecution
accessorial
hollywooder
unmurmurous
concaveness
controlless
impartation
snakefishes
unkidnapped
brinishness
lepidosiren
amphibolite
deprecatory
contributed
unsectioned
gymnasiarch
granulating
unprismatic
biracialism
unpedagogic
stockholder
marrowbones
tobacconist
tegucigalpa
logopaedics
metallocene
canadianism
feldspathic
avalanching
stigmatiser
misproposed
franklinite
curvilinear
understrewn
carlinville
ostracising
horseplayer
perpetrator
bibliopolic
unalienable
imbricately
componented
martinville
divulgement
gracelessly
savableness
antiegotism
preparation
overcomplex
nonretarded
cancerating
nondilation
mesoblastic
predisliked
prechoosing
somniferous
captivation
postrostral
pedobaptist
goddessship
fluoridised
undisclosed
acclamatory
amenorrhoea
undebauched
endothelial
unwittingly
scorpaenoid
acrobatical
lixiviation
mediatorial
tourmalinic
trapezoidal
substantial
undissected
astromantic
ectosarcous
satanically
metaprotein
arthrospore
insessorial
frugivorous
acetylizing
briquetting
anemotropic
designative
overfrailty
autoerotism
euphonizing
antiquaries
incompactly
shrubbiness
harbourside
warrantable
ungravelled
ahistorical
wilberforce
bracingness
blindstorey
garnishment
worldliness
pronouncing
redissolved
demarcation
eclecticist
mislabelled
broomsquire
nonpastoral
piquantness
crackedness
breadthless
d￥ﾽbo￢??t￥ﾽ
untrellised
crookedness
grandmaster
nectarising
surgeonless
unmodernity
puritanical
coincidence
cicatricial
achromatism
remodulated
criticastry
noninfected
polyvoltine
trivialness
bacchuslike
unintrigued
convoluting
fashionably
cursoriness
retrolental
reflectance
innumerably
handwriting
diaphoretic
impermanent
hyperacusis
unvocalized
incogitable
snailfishes
uncushioned
bumbershoot
inestimably
carbolizing
interlotted
isomorphism
bouleuteria
tirthankara
prebeliever
uncomplying
volsteadism
hammeringly
collagenase
impassivity
stonecutter
sulphurator
nonvaluable
publicizing
recuperator
barricadoed
zo￥ﾡphobous
precipitate
aspersorium
haplessness
mentionable
satisfiable
planography
interposing
submolecule
ricketiness
reactionary
homeothermy
unmasterful
refertilize
mesocardium
salinometer
preexecuted
hypochromia
oppressible
semidefined
meliorating
reenjoyment
handshaking
preintimate
plentifully
reencounter
paroxytonic
maintopsail
condemnably
unretreated
nonexertive
tricornered
lapidifying
abominating
steppenwolf
pseudopious
catholicate
carabineros
macrodontia
athleticism
achromatize
immoralized
stopperless
formylation
crapshooter
embrocating
searchingly
ingenerated
stichomythy
nondelusive
murmurously
unrepentant
spinsterish
grangerised
executioner
precondense
depopulator
superficies
sanskritist
politicized
ipecacuanha
unstoneable
bawdyhouses
witlessness
frostfishes
unshippable
ascetically
subflexuous
arrhephoria
rattlebrain
gyrostatics
interceding
intumescent
eventuating
scandinavia
unexpounded
bashfulness
calcinatory
lacertilian
xenogenesis
stipulating
roadability
tritogeneia
indomitable
eruditional
buttonmould
housewifely
antimonarch
unreceipted
mislocation
groundspeed
hydrometric
estheticism
diapositive
multiovular
obumbration
maledictory
demobilised
undespising
overcunning
extremadura
epinephrine
unapproving
unmollified
undertenure
nonvendible
coparcenary
spontaneity
superabsurd
coexistency
stadiometer
gibberellin
imperforate
refringence
sidewheeler
sexagesimal
formicaries
enhancement
nontortuous
colligation
distinctive
noncritical
hyposthenic
executioner
listeriasis
organologic
unvulturine
lipotropism
alethiology
mildewproof
antigravity
collisional
auscultated
unscavenged
albategnius
mischoosing
salicaceous
endocrinous
anamorphism
unvocalized
reemanating
geodynamics
nonfriction
intriguante
progressism
objectivist
precipitant
cinchonized
nonoccupant
bessarabian
unpurposely
faddishness
untraversed
asexualized
nonprecious
fornication
unbeguiling
devilfishes
chansonnier
unmotivated
incrassated
nontangible
chordophone
gonorrhoeal
autocephaly
sentimental
chromophile
idolatrised
animateness
bucolically
centenaries
mastoiditis
androcrates
coexistence
nonchemical
kenogenetic
impetuosity
saponifying
reusability
supercandid
glastonbury
attendantly
academising
retrolental
oleographic
idioglossia
unorganized
symbolising
betulaceous
bourgeoisie
interbanded
prerefining
labradorean
contrarious
sphincteral
divulgating
descendible
cottonmouth
presumptive
hypsilantis
letterspace
linearizing
circumcised
unthrowable
hooperating
scopolamine
purificator
pronational
selectivity
unskilfully
externalist
fustigating
meprobamate
hylomorphic
ecumenicity
sex
orgasm
penis
vagina
taeniacidal
mislocating
metaphysics
mechanician
dissymmetry
unexcerpted
chancefully
frontrunner
unflappable
semantician
impassioned
fruitlessly
saviourship
undergaoler
interinsert
unthrobbing
defalcating
contentness
diphthongia
tuberculose
unpartaking
bolectioned
bookbinding
enfeoffment
pseudoroyal
prediscount
centigramme
nonnasality
arterialise
outproduced
reanimation
outlengthen
allowancing
cantingness
easternmost
spontaneity
unsubmerged
ancestrally
accentually
undethroned
catheterise
repostulate
maladjusted
untrustable
selectivity
felicitated
nonissuable
semidormant
nondefinite
predeciding
historiated
nonionizing
unclearable
examiningly
rhinelander
enslavement
unsoporific
phrenologic
typecasting
concealedly
misrehearse
rhetorician
catalytical
leatherback
aquarellist
unsyntactic
tigerfishes
toastmaster
unreforming
candlemaker
chloroplast
accessorize
pericardiac
northwardly
genetically
awkwardness
endometrium
idiographic
predicative
phonometric
spinigerous
enchondroma
remorseless
subacridity
tracasserie
leatherhead
admiralship
stigmatizer
reexercised
moribundity
undefendant
unharboured
nontyrannic
corroborate
co￥ﾡptative
cymographic
menorrhagic
catchphrase
neurilemmal
nonanalogic
monocular
muckraker
platinite
potlikker
petrpolis
oniomania
shampooer
purgeable
cercariae
entourage
outworker
paasikivi
nonserous
preclothe
uncomplex
adumbrate
phillippe
intestine
bowstring
localised
fuguelike
regrading
assegaing
convocant
eyebright
cobaltine
fluffiest
imbrangle
yorkshire
rehanging
sprigtail
cabezones
megadonty
bedrabble
auriscope
tremolant
hobbyless
unfoaming
karyotype
pistachio
aphorised
infection
inhumanly
dependent
swiftness
silkalene
hardboard
ungrouped
tribalism
preflight
abrogable
communion
concerted
preboding
forespoke
swearword
diachylon
severally
chasidism
steampipe
fluidizer
unelating
unhealthy
defrauder
stuporous
hibernian
artisanal
sandpiper
unsensing
alburnous
acrophony
stupidity
scamillus
hellenian
animistic
cohobator
preinvest
resonance
crescendo
tutiorism
neuridine
gnateater
overflour
unjeweled
punctated
countship
rantingly
tritanope
evergreenlaureled
castores
rearrest
anthelix
ostinato
unpumped
sulawesi
steplike
judaical
eglomise
meantime
durr￢??s
gainsaid
henslowe
vocalist
ribosome
regrater
unliquid
ganymeda
ungummed
loathful
beholder
outtrump
coalface
latinist
papyrian
syconium
annulate
cattiest
unraised
wormhole
aceldama
hormonal
toyohiko
renegado
sorriest
goatherd
scrabble
nitrolic
marlboro
biddable
kunowsky
publicly
boatload
fineries
cyclecar
cowhided
lactogen
recapped
incident
tauranga
creneled
limonene
spatting
masonite
brisbane
specular
fornices
urbanism
unwasted
nonusage
kamaloka
exorcist
christen
degrader
scalping
albrecht
unframed
seignior
murphied
cuttable
remapped
hallmark
swampier
laxative
mellific
caprifig
redefeat
generate
reveille
larruper
conchate
takeaway
encolpia
mopingly
unlapsed
hoariest
momentum
naturism
unmature
micropia
phialine
archives
thatcher
iotacism
martyrly
fanagalo
petaloid
penzance
clippers
generally
unpraised
isogamete
unarmored
bolograph
unobvious
ungushing
stageably
ideologic
chuckling
preleased
laureled
castores
rearrest
anthelix
ostinato
unpumped
sulawesi
steplike
judaical
eglomise
meantime
durr￢??s
gainsaid
henslowe
vocalist
ribosome
regrater
unliquid
ganymeda
ungummed
loathful
beholder
outtrump
coalface
latinist
papyrian
syconium
annulate
cattiest
unraised
wormhole
aceldama
hormonal
toyohiko
renegado
sorriest
goatherd
scrabble
nitrolic
marlboro
biddable
kunowsky
publicly
boatload
fineries
cyclecar
cowhided
lactogen
recapped
incident
tauranga
creneled
limonene
spatting
masonite
brisbane
specular
fornices
urbanism
unwasted
nonusage
kamaloka
exorcist
christen
degrader
scalping
albrecht
unframed
seignior
murphied
cuttable
remapped
hallmark
swampier
laxative
mellific
caprifig
redefeat
generate
reveille
larruper
conchate
takeaway
encolpia
mopingly
unlapsed
hoariest
momentum
naturism
unmature
micropia
phialine
archives
thatcher
iotacism
martyrly
fanagalo
petaloid
penzance
clippers
notecase
eleonora
cussword
goatskin
haftarah
unwifely
queening
phenolic
zoochore
chlorine
khafajeh
biblical
baconian
agr￥ﾽg￥ﾽ
germ￢?ﾡn
selfsame
grabbler
unsultry
esthesia
saintdom
hortense
menstrua
flaggier
negaunee
multifid
paraffin
biyearly
shakable
agrestic
medaling
graecism
inkerman
bootlace
giveable
reheater
lungfish
dighting
presteel
baccarat
handfeed
teniasis
jamesean
assembly
arretium
annotate
gynarchy
thoracal
attested
nonrhyme
outstole
unlumped
silvanus
hibernia
hellbent
bargelli
dwarfism
damaging
woollier
angulate
mazourka
underpen
pennated
usurious
anaerobe
subchief
sloshier
bankhead
huxleyan
chemulpo
veronica
vinifera
empyrean
scraping
tameless
mariupol
perieres
prettify
presager
riccardo
bitingly
unsoiled
nonfused
claribel
quiberon
surabaya
tilefish
sealskin
outlived
podgiest
ovenwood
endemism
bimethyl
shipment
workload
porthole
amblypod
falmouth
rindless
rehanged
gorgeted
daimonic
twopenny
freehold
liniment
pavement
enspirit
cordwain
befriend
pillaret
cogwheel
ringworm
picowatt
mercapto
cotyleus
nonwoven
precheck
alleyway
oophytic
fencible
nembutsu
unraised
subruler
fastener
footless
advancer
pannikin
coziness
mishnaic
petalous
groupoid
healdton
milkless
achiever
unshaped
neogaeic
bedstraw
concorde
pulpwood
hargeisa
atticize
gadabout
blotting
sailless
satanist
unmodish
shkotzim
unrushed
pipeclay
illuvium
discrown
angulous
muleshoe
backdrop
cachalot
musingly
loveably
brocatel
frenulum
diosdado
neumster
dewsbury
marabout
girgenti
moralise
entirely
conicoid
allosaur
fieriest
subacrid
impeller
adroitly
outsteam
nearctic
endogamy
nabalism
rosebush
leonidas
muhammad
reinjure
gasolene
saveable
galenism
subilium
alkahest
catheryn
nebraska
fiducial
abatable
underpin
tawdrier
charlock
nautilus
camisole
diplegia
lichenin
dintless
mccarthy
rimosely
resoften
nurturer
rateuses
havildar
salonika
showboat
footworn
ungalled
floweret
bagpiped
overrule
animally
sowbelly
tumwater
stoccata
glibbest
neogaeal
desolate
circular
righties
distingu
shamanic
incisory
coquette
silicide
jugulate
alsatian
credenza
jestbook
misdated
rachitis
monotype
outmoved
bimethyl
unretted
gauziest
redhorse
tunguses
labellum
hereupon
hypogyny
outprice
narwhale
parterre
reanoint
fangless
immunity
sunburnt
narcotic
launcher
pergamum
untailed
phelonia
geodetic
peshawar
violable
ouessant
arbitral
radiable
arctogea
squireen
metazoic
lithemic
favonius
dartford
laburnum
oophoric
phylloid
interlap
outvying
acosmist
scranton
hematoma
unmulled
undertub
inviting
unlevied
unsinged
unpliant
falstaff
repplier
enskying
chariton
leavings
volap￥ﾸk
harrumph
overwhip
pureness
variable
somewise
tyramine
leftover
rooflike
depicter
autunite
subvocal
regelate
chephren
unheaved
investor
caprifig
emigrant
lordless
limonene
georgene
obtruded
specimen
bowgrace
fiercest
modishly
preserve
vowelise
knapweed
derisory
memphian
expiable
farewell
sportily
wallaroo
preguilt
nazarene
melchior
deserted
mesquite
uncommon
cervices
disraeli
outsider
chasidim
bandfile
untuning
unbathed
drabbest
buddhist
forcibly
piazzaed
folcroft
outdrank
cartouch
nimwegen
strumous
password
fimbrial
autotomy
watchout
fusetron
attiring
dentinal
abuttals
yesilkoy
lengthen
unforded
larkspur
revolute
prigging
amphibia
reprieve
aortitis
dichasia
unheeded
igniting
priestly
gynarchy
speculum
carmanor
piloting
partners
figueres
immunize
waitress
teardrop
flancard
hourless
allative
colorado
gemmiest
convexly
pinnular
laurasia
puerpera
chiasmas
defrayal
eminence
gnatlike
keffiyeh
holdable
bonefish
duchesse
phyllome
huxleyan
washaway
frothily
beefcake
cotillon
lientery
decliner
insnared
unsaline
haeredes
unthatch
unfringe
bedquilt
God
Krishna
Buddha
Gandhi
megalith
transude
dialogic
manfully
hispanic
checkrow
moldwarp
unplacid
herodias
alicante
sneakers
sunshade
colombes
snapback
unerased
frizzler
buchanan
wedgwood
brimming
jovially
photuria
ducatoon
underpay
essenian
demonian
sheraton
canthari
liverish
grillade
ethylene
whene''er
shredded
outsavor
ethology
cultural
moorfowl
dourness
pyrrolic
parsable
muggiest
proponed
duisburg
wifelier
wardrobe
mezereon
wadeable
logicism
sufferer
relucent
fizziest
hindward
zoonosis
poundage
tummuler
iturbide
slovakia
votarist
liguloid
rachitis
pastrami
coahuila
ustulate
diastole
preerupt
rejecter
tornaria
diplo￢??
hereford
danubian
unliable
subcause
limacine
begabled
zeppelin
tularosa
murdabad
copperah
frocking
uncogged
luxation
inhering
sundries
ringlike
commuted
buckaroo
winterer
pulesati
megarian
hegemone
galbanum
postcard
idolatry
epiphora
lobulate
offishly
jovianly
unwisdom
vigorous
unsealed
undertub
alkermes
marigene
curricle
spraddle
telegram
eggplant
crackers
subdruid
unsparse
subbreed
vanquish
speedway
whopping
outbless
hyacinth
rumanite
privates
widukind
hocussed
burnoose
nunation
maharaja
wharfage
washaway
mahayana
riffraff
rhiannon
mesodont
chartlet
disaster
syllogia
outchide
outguard
topnotch
nomistic
verditer
subjoint
antinomy
mixtecan
spandrel
sidestep
floriano
unstable
pistache
unrhymed
pissarro
auriform
prehumor
boltless
mirliton
simulant
belgrano
suitably
spandril
lekythos
furfuran
divorced
danegelt
spruiker
amchitka
quilting
snakefly
clausius
markdown
lecithic
snuffbox
nonadult
aphareus
tweedier
sedately
camomile
satiable
pandavas
etiology
quintile
crapping
tangency
stroking
headhunt
blurbist
dyestuff
ensnarer
nighties
vibrancy
chirring
toroidal
memphian
tennyson
yokelish
prevogue
gummosis
locustal
dichasia
bandelet
imbruted
oolachan
beryline
agostino
loveless
saraband
dermoid
gipping
vicarly
culotte
judaize
joycean
hennish
blotter
cowtail
upsweep
delorme
blandly
luzerne
mckenna
sestina
unmerge
seaweed
gripman
nervily
manlike
lorimer
mensing
emprise
cropper
griskin
inkhorn
toyless
baws''nt
oersted
creatin
sorokin
miliary
batfowl
oarlock
bombard
certain
paestum
warlock
replume
malmsey
charter
recaged
drafter
faddier
stonier
trannie
logro?o
holibut
blanchi
beguine
consomm
fortuna
bidault
corrida
machine
cariole
peloric
assyria
raploch
amanita
crackle
dispend
feodora
excitor
katanga
spurrer
distort
lambarn
pirogen
ceilidh
cheloid
tenzing
avernus
plataea
corrupt
bluffer
connive
eckhart
drachma
hohokus
rodless
luniest
frontal
unslain
dyspnea
urinose
dandify
circuit
fomites
undoing
glazier
outwore
subrule
grill￥ﾽ
kantist
arundel
saviour
joaquin
slacker
commons
upborne
burette
waxlike
brulzie
massawa
penance
muscovy
raploch
wordier
ballata
unshorn
radicle
whitman
hotshot
goddamn
oelwein
prewett
metamer
closely
cheeper
fleecer
hengelo
deposit
arraign
clurman
uncrude
delight
preview
yankton
inlying
coligny
chelsea
relight
genappe
ozonize
chanaan
pha?nna
systole
failing
agonize
boutell
calypso
taggard
chaplin
signior
diomede
oedipus
coopery
autonym
velorum
regosol
hollaed
kajaani
forgery
barytic
megasse
sikhara
morelle
rewrote
jehovah
solaced
barroom
lambkin
rimming
idolism
misuser
tenpins
shemite
whipper
velamen
gizzard
micelle
inducer
narrows
rawhide
bowyang
speeder
roomies
kirtled
grumous
ribband
gliomas
d￥ﾽbris
coppery
summing
uralian
hyannis
shaitan
cubbing
rantoul
pebrine
plinker
archaic
preseal
finlike
drawing
kuenlun
burlier
mansion
inweave
sounder
canaled
kirkman
senecan
pandour
udaipur
wauseon
gunfire
capable
phocaea
dazedly
gaspard
atactic
quietus
tammlie
chergui
subsept
hedgier
m?tisse
esquire
pereion
virelai
stetson
oedipal
bacchic
embrued
affiant
collier
coligny
sulphur
haryana
callida
borough
ijithad
majesty
bilging
fervent
chipper
muncher
feeless
phaeton
soilure
matelow
wherrit
peskily
collins
pawnage
jointer
nightly
refract
temblor
censure
goateed
disdain
cookery
coalbin
malonic
dzyubin
spondee
vivamus
glycine
synagog
comfily
juvenal
midband
engross
althaea
bumpier
benzoic
ignacia
dowager
ratafee
spathic
butlery
exuvial
maranon
lagging
cantrip
waikato
ecotone
smedley
lyncher
islamic
firbank
gwennie
grumphy
eunomia
bedizen
enskyed
statute
elfland
arabist
darnley
charvet
salchow
babassu
braxton
dottier
bionomy
hillock
manley
wenzel
clonus
kempis
chintz
baruch
calves
dorrie
sigher
immane
toluol
morion
gasper
caesar
evader
liquid
legged
rameau
zambia
dropsy
lorain
hoopoe
paduan
daggle
purlin
tartly
baryta
remain
phonol
mainer
avoset
amarna
becket
monies
anhalt
yohoed
tussah
inmate
ciskei
aletes
option
repair
agadir
pahari
ethnic
impers
libyan
kittie
looser
scrawl
malden
tholos
sheers
osiris
maurya
inside
halite
copeck
hadron
clough
prague
opeial
amtrac
melete
sorrel
whosis
karroo
neisse
pawpaw
effect
ancius
nistru
grieve
corves
keyser
dankly
finals
objekt
strafe
echion
snazzy
barded
faggot
drongo
ablock
owosso
blythe
cromer
donkey
hubble
walrus
belgic
tinsel
clichy
inmesh
gallop
nephew
currie
pyalla
unhale
nebris
aliyos
cutest
ananda
clique
sigher
aviary
toluol
parlor
lenity
hommel
gudrun
browse
romero
florae
volant
batten
napier
geckos
stumer
adolph
sclaff
sadism
savory
scivvy
malmdy
aboral
purple
babism
maranh
smeary
loosen
escort
wherry
vyatka
carcas
exedra
saliva
afflux
nippur
suakin
goalie
mayday
german
helmed
nogaku
smutty
medusa
unseen
unleaf
bryony
tycoon
hookah
fokker
allies
recoat
danite
nicene
phobia
dorado
gazebo
reveto
safavi
empire
hoopla
maihem
vetted
blocky
ja?ana
shapka
ommiad
manjak
method
comfit
robalo
dankly
dothan
harrar
atoner
tityus
extoll
inflow
limier
keener
dogman
gabaon
clarin
hooper
dressy
gingal
lucian
amoral
anemia
duress
hadjis
kobold
grapey
birgit
thrale
humism
sweeps
slaver
algoid
ethyne
centre
nongas
damage
gursel
vacate
ursula
yahgan
gilgal
cronos
bikini
bowleg
k?mmel
hipped
purist
barros
pallet
tumefy
hakeem
radian
packet
emelia
scheme
pumice
trixie
linear
johnny
fasces
silver
merwin
eudora
sunray
unloop
grizel
souter
kudrun
rienzi
parade
cadena
marcus
holden
neuroa
uptown
mohawk
stamin
curios
busied
bursal
unseat
server
seizin
forgat
almuce
viborg
poseur
esnecy
towage
gadded
hasted
ramses
warmly
dechen
screed
goitre
zaffer
rillet
fallen
janina
omasum
recant
shandy
dodoma
flange
spigot
mongol
kirpan
guglet
shiloh
nazify
carboy
clingy
drumly
houdah
enisle
elkton
rhythm
blench
digger
dormer
rectus
buller
chaste
aikona
piazzi
vasthi
lathee
grotty
faints
maxixe
serein
dosser
flense
wiving
ghetto
ithome
course
hiller
answer
hyaena
ruffly
duddie
mottle
beanie
feeler
lactic
pellan
bishop
bering
broken
rosace
yerkes
egesta
thames
cormel
bolger
frolic
cushat
teazle
shrunk
medick
volant
postie
safety
artery
timbre
sewage
waggle
podite
beaver
creepy
drivel
sambur
minthe
sclaff
semite
jugate
veleta
compel
dogmas
beacon
granum
atonic
hayden
cramel
enrapt
praise
tierce
ridder
cosimo
mercer
visage
miasma
lopper
tyburn
visard
grudge
schrik
scopes
macled
leoben
nonary
sansom
doubly
bowing
afflux
pretty
adonic
hurray
laurel
werfel
flange
spuggy
renter
spring
stemma
oconto
jaffna
dardan
camoca
ratton
babist
oocyte
bemaul
floral
biscay
lochia
buibui
hathor
gambit
pilule
zillah
iinger
ensued
salute
sennar
jarvey
steric
emilio
ophite
tippet
idolum
deepen
supply
vacuum
lambie
unrove
dunois
pythia
miriam
rework
tiller
sopher
cutoff
ariose
german
miking
kiswah
flyoff
swarth
pacing
blinis
pelham
jiggle
wifing
mohels
geisel
rundle
ugrian
wenzel
sashay
unnice
blousy
lamina
parano
unlean
pignut
anlage
denims
nigger
myself
warier
ethyle
rebrew
pereia
posset
fetter
eunice
tuning
henrik
freyre
classy
houdan
fichus
soviet
jingly
brunet
faecal
jobyna
derrel
conrad
h￥ﾸgel
reyoke
citing
turnup
recoin
saliva
sipper
kation
munite
zipper
oporto
dasn''t
habiru
congou
rambam
isolde
cooper
lapser
stoush
cohune
smalto
breuer
ampule
h￢?ﾡba
keblah
giblet
hakeem
can someone tell this randomizer to put these damn words in english
common
altair
causal
happen
donnee
refill
aecium
toffee
landis
khlyst
catsup
aggeus
sardou
fodder
repair
coburg
kismet
intern
seeder
tycoon
yankee
argall
helene
nutmeg
shufty
palter
nernst
trotty
olivet
sissie
fafnir
levier
pueblo
huambo
tuxedo
dolmas
lucien
eloyse
uvular
herman
outbat
sadism
pongid
hommel
gurnet
astral
bruges
reshod
syzygy
erlang
subdue
bonzer
breach
meanly
oogamy
detect
leeway
create
pensel
rabato
orcein
marmot
damner
ricrac
whirly
polite
sirupy
haymow
topper
sample
remove
cantic
greely
catchy
hazily
sakkoi
dewier
tophus
supp￥ﾽ
premie
chisin
avouch
grange
cresol
mortal
nicest
tympan
petrol
untilt
cimbri
rudely
unclad
micher
gnesen
cindie
pyrene
arries
pogrom
isaian
diploe
buckle
nudism
schism
yahata
ethnol
abisag
tutsan
durrie
nevins
togaed
marcie
wooler
sphere
invert
mammal
forbid
sigurd
wright
magmas
angers
kiirun
merlin
komura
elisha
toddle
skimpy
cancan
indaba
carius
amidah
thresh
wastry
xavier
sevens
hankie
leally
corpse
belmar
selwyn
bonnet
briton
debbie
rivers
peapod
cornel
bontoc
devoir
russes
anomic
horned
farrow
robber
gasman
mullet
nazify
seward
musjid
fledge
ratlam
alpaca
hoofed
poison
minute
python
feisty
nazify
bangor
cuneus
romans
poland
papism
iodide
wittol
gollop
debase
looney
kaduna
snotty
mithan
bhajan
decide
fueled
suably
samian
fusuma
toothy
author
serene
chadic
gassit
sundog
no?mon
jarvie
aigret
pinner
latter
herman
scanty
halley
yonder
spruit
nevada
nubium
molise
repawn
angela
incuse
they''d
coyish
larynx
bendee
romans
ga￥ﾠzh
vowely
neuroa
valmid
gladys
costly
quarte
cygnus
eyepit
sicyon
nidify
aeacus
pi?ons
grozny
finish
sludge
isaias
cermet
sledge
phalli
eyalet
ecesic
inulin
drowsy
honied
balsam
gyrose
beheld
vigour
helene
instar
resend
hubris
cablet
kiddie
serbia
amazon
baltei
kenley
leaden
myxoid
wriest
amoeba
groovy
locate
angora
keyman
tiding
nested
caries
scouse
guston
afresh
canada
zonian
baring
tambov
boreum
entoil
buntal
uranic
chitin
lordly
arming
miking
amtorg
maihem
g￥ﾠvle
froggy
fossil
stenos
kaplan
leaven
sliver
luebke
boreas
tralee
thecal
osages
larine
dotted
meliae
philos
decamp
gilgie
fenman
gazebo
within
ulrica
autism
sundry
bhutto
thoria
ferbam
bowles
wadder
shapen
shadow
jadder
dudish
kanara
kalmyk
rahman
alcaic
uptore
notchy
saluki
sharra
stormy
mentor
beggar
bardot
maumet
misdid
titman
champy
cabell
harkee
othman
vision
tenn￥ﾽ
tarski
untilt
geddes
caroli
osiris
wangle
coelom
disarm
muscly
puebla
appose
saipan
fulfil
keynes
buddie
uneven
kamsin
trilby
hawhaw
stroll
retime
unhusk
coning
forage
tsetse
yohoed
witing
glomus
agedly
heaven
gibing
harpin
tasker
labial
tucker
tatius
kellie
piston
draper
sklent
anatto
willet
cubist
lastex
flexed
bodgie
strass
pelite
khatri
fitten
fueled
graver
vivers
kabyle
happen
pegbox
boiled
manoah
writer
pontil
banger
ringer
sawder
decker
tamale
devine
mappah
pelage
grazia
tolima
loglog
anabas
mammon
durain
celine
galata
cutest
intake
quorum
rustic
dosing
gentry
better
crouch
swipes
wabble
ovular
karmic
barfly
currer
unsnap
luella
relist
admire
nastic
osorno
hitchy
labial
madafu
retire
appear
penghu
melvil
huambo
canter
supper
madrid
wangan
staple
extant
reborn
cluing
arsine
shogun
playas
purvey
gallus
gaulle
lawson
drapes
pathos
feosol
armand
swanee
uncalm
watery
spline
romish
scoter
lollop
valval
papaya
shifty
kirkby
resold
tussle
lathee
outvie
expose
dibbuk
subnet
chonju
finery
promin
peipus
warded
admete
villus
regild
ragged
conchy
outrib
ahchoo
germen
unbend
sperry
cohoes
vittle
colors
rizzar
browse
diboll
linnet
nahant
dismay
mudcat
s￥ﾾrta
dinghy
rachel
punkie
boskop
cracow
ochrea
novels
mahlon
avesta
teller
pipage
annecy
handel
trowel
frypan
shiver
cushat
fruity
cevdet
reguli
thorpe
thisbe
greuze
eakins
aurist
starve
kuwait
iloilo
kipuka
lampad
pricey
bustle
therap
vilely
rasher
heiduk
arista
asylum
mimosa
gingko
argali
impugn
pepper
sulpha
daimen
padauk
salina
ingine
funkia
tubber
voider
remote
rugger
pitchy
grocer
minhow
deaden
ambery
parrot
dewali
vernal
syriac
tartly
fardel
gelder
hecate
tatary
widely
denver
yehudi
buddha
papacy
profit
kingly
abused
tentie
clinal
rameau
styrax
cather
cheero
beflag
quiver
colure
rouble
dapple
grovel
hathor
cheney
scolex
harmer
doodad
hearts
boreal
fletch
wivern
worset
kamala
caving
laving
sector
domino
dashed
repost
wapiti
belloc
morale
escarp
jordan
daggle
docile
unwall
sweden
bisbee
warren
bukavu
icecap
smoker
wacker
styria
mikveh
croupe
benito
phenix
fantod
prylis
unplug
peruse
ancona
cosher
patt?e
situla
ripost
sexual
paynim
second
tauten
lights
omasum
crayon
zither
fogged
pillar
unidle
bitter
cassis
ferret
scribe
sambuk
metope
jailor
ourari
hester
laming
pectin
iambic
hawser
kozani
alison
saxony
exsect
pushtu
heyduc
sporty
despot
anemic
voting
riccio
kation
splits
|
|
|
|
Post by ben on Apr 16, 2013 15:17:58 GMT -5
The following are all fruits:
Apple
Apricot
Avocado
Banana
Breadfruit
Bilberry
Blackberry
Blackcurrant
Blueberry
Currant
Cherry
Cherimoya
Clementine
Cloudberry
Coconut
Date
Damson
Dragonfruit
Durian
Eggplant
Elderberry
Feijoa
Fig
Gooseberry
Grape
Grapefruit
Guava
Huckleberry
Honeydew
Jackfruit
Jettamelon
Jambul
Jujube
Kiwi fruit
Kumquat
Legume
Lemon
Lime
Loquat
Lychee
Mandarine
Mango
Melon
Canary melon
Cantaloupe
Honeydew
Watermelon
Rock melon
Nectarine
Nut
Orange
Peach
Pear
Persimmon
Williams pear or Bartlett pear
Physalis
Plum/prune (dried plum)
Pineapple
Pomegranate
Pomelo
Purple Mangosteen
Raspberry
Western raspberry (blackcap)
Rambutan
Redcurrant
Salal berry
Satsuma
Star fruit
Strawberry
Tangerine
Tomato
Ugli fruit
Watermelon--see melon
Some vegetables which are botanically fruits (such as tomatoes) are considered to be vegetables in the culinary (eating) sense. This is why they appear in this article.
Artichoke
Arugula
Asparagus
Aubergine (UK) = Eggplant (US)
Avocado
Amaranth
Legumes
Alfalfa sprouts
Azuki beans (or adzuki)
Bean sprouts
Black beans
Black-eyed peas
Borlotti bean
Broad beans
Chickpeas, Garbanzos, or ceci beans
Green beans
Kidney beans
Lentils
Lima beans or Butter bean
Mung beans
Navy beans
Pinto beans
Runner beanst
Soy beans
Peas
Mangetout or Snap peas
Bok choy (known as Bok choy in UK and US)
Breadfruit
Broccoflower (a hybrid)
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Cabbage
Calabrese
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Chard
Collard greens
Corn salad
Endive
Fiddleheads (young coiled fern leaves)
Frisee
Herbs and spices
Anise
Basil
Caraway
Cilantro seeds are Coriander
Chamomile
Dill
Fennel
Lavender
Lemon Grass
Marjoram
Oregano
Parsley
Rosemary
Sage
Thyme
Kale
Kohlrabi
Lettuce Lactuca sativa
Maize (UK) = Corn (US) = Sweetcorn (actually a grain)
Mushrooms (actually a fungus, not a plant)
Mustard greens
Nettles
New Zealand spinach
Okra
Onion family
Chives
Garlic
Leek Allium porrum
Onion
Shallot
Spring onion (UK) == Green onion (US) == Scallion
Parsley
Peppers (actually fruits, but treated as vegetables)
Green pepper and Red pepper == bell pepper == pimento
Chili pepper == Capsicum
Jalapeno
Habanero
Paprika
Tabasco pepper
Cayenne pepper
Radicchio
Rhubarb
Root vegetables
Beetroot (UK) == Beet (US)
mangel-wurzel: a variety of beet used mostly as cattlefeed
Carrot
Celeriac
Daikon
Ginger
Parsnip
Rutabaga
Turnip
Radish
Swede (UK) == Rutabaga (US)
Turnip
Wasabi
Horseradish
White radish
Salsify (usually Purple Salsify or Oyster Plant)
Skirret
Spinach
Artichoke
Topinambur
Squashes (actually fruits, but treated as vegetables)
Acorn squash
Butternut squash
Banana squash
Courgette (UK) == Zucchini (US)
Cucumber (actually fruits, but treated as vegetables)
Delicata
Gem squash
Hubbard squash
Marrow (UK) == Squash (US) Cucurbita maxima
Patty pans
Pumpkin
Spaghetti squash
Tat soi
Tomato (actually a fruit, but treated as a vegetable)
Tubers
Jicama
Jerusalem artichoke
Potato
Sweet potato (Yams and Sweet Potato not the same)
Taro
Yam
Water chestnut
Watercress
List of culinary vegetables
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)
This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
This is a list of plants that have a culinary role as vegetables. "Vegetable" can be used in several senses, including culinary, botanical and legal. This list includes botanical fruits such as pumpkins, and does not include herbs, spices, cereals and most culinary fruits and culinary nuts. Currently, edible fungi are not included on this list. Legal vegetables are defined for regulatory, tax and other purposes. Examples include tomatoes, which are a botanical berry, but a culinary vegetable for US tax purposes, and even tomato sauce as found on pizza, which is considered a vegetable for use in school lunches in the US.[1]
Some culinary vegetables (like laver) are not even members of the plant kingdom, although mushrooms and other fungi are kept off the list for this reason.
Contents [hide]
1 Leafy and salad vegetables
2 Fruits
3 Flowers and flower buds
4 Podded vegetables (Legumes)
5 Bulb and stem vegetables
6 Root and tuberous vegetables
7 Sea vegetables
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
[edit]Leafy and salad vegetables
Main article: List of leaf vegetables
Garden Cress
Iceberg lettuce field in Northern Santa Barbara County
Spinach in flower
Miner's lettuce
Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)
Arugula (Eruca sativa)
Beet greens (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)
Bok choy (白菜 Brassica rapa Chinensis group)
Borage greens (Borago officinalis)
Broccoli Rabe (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa)
Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea Gemmifera group)
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata group)
Catsear (Hypochaeris radicata)
Celery (Apium graveolens)
Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. asparagina)
Ceylon spinach (Basella alba)
Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius subsp. aconitifolius)
Chickweed (Stellaria)
Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Chinese Mallow (Malva verticillata)
Chrysanthemum leaves (Chrysanthemum coronarium)
Collard greens (Brassica oleracea)
Corn salad (Valerianella locusta)
Cress (Lepidium sativum)
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Endive (Cichorium endivia)
Fat hen (Chenopodium album)
Fiddlehead (Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum)
Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis)
Garden Rocket (Eruca sativa)
Golden samphire (Inula crithmoides)
Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus-henricus)
Greater Plantain (Plantago major)
Kai-lan (Gai Lan 芥蘭 Brassica rapa Alboglabra group)
Kale (Brassica oleracea Acephala group)
Komatsuna (Brassica rapa Pervidis or Komatsuna group)
Kuka (Adansonia spp.)
Lagos bologi (Talinum fruticosum)
Lamb's lettuce (Valerianella locusta)
Land cress (Barbarea verna)
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Lizard's tail (Houttuynia cordata)
Melokhia (Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus capsularis)
Miner's Lettuce
Mizuna greens (Brassica rapa Nipposinica group)
Mustard (Sinapis alba)
Napa cabbage (Siu Choi 召菜 Brassica rapa Pekinensis group)
New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Orache (Atriplex hortensis)
Pak choy (Bok Choy 白菜 Brassica rapa Chinensis group)
Paracress (Acmella oleracea)
Pea sprouts/leaves (Pisum sativum)
Poke (Phytolacca americana)
Radicchio (Cichorium intybus)
Samphire (Crithmum maritimum)
San Choy (潺菜 - broad, green leaves)
Sculpit/Stridolo (Silene inflata) an Italian vegetable considered to taste like a cross between arugula and cos lettuce
Sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima)
Sea kale (Crambe maritima)
Sierra Leone bologi (Crassocephalum spp.)
Soko (Celosia argentea)
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Summer purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla var. flavescens)
Tatsoi (Brassica rapa Rosularis group)
Turnip greens (Brassica rapa Rapifera group)
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum)
Winter purslane (Claytonia perfoliata)
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Yao Choy (Yu Choy, Rape, 油菜 Brassica napus)
[edit]Fruits
See also: List of gourds and squashes
Pumpkins
Avocado (Persea americana)
Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Bitter melon/Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)
Chayote (Sechium edule)
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Ivy Gourd (Coccinia grandis)
Eggplant/Aubergine/Brinjal (Solanum melongena)
Luffa (Luffa cylindrica)
Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.)
Squash (Cucurbita spp.)
Sweet corn aka corn; aka maize (Zea mays)
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum Grossum group)
Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus)
Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica)
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var)
West Indian gherkin (Cucumis anguria)
Winter melon (Benincasa hispida)
Zucchini/Courgette (Cucurbita pepo)
[edit]Flowers and flower buds
Main article: Edible flowers
Globe artichokes being cooked
Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus, C. scolymus)
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea)
Caper (Capparis spinosa)
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea)
Courgette flowers (Cucurbita spp.)
Squash blossoms (Cucurbita spp.)
[edit]Podded vegetables (Legumes)
See also: Types of beans
Diversity in dry common beans
Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes.
American groundnut (Apios americana)
Azuki bean (Vigna angularis)
Black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata)
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Drumstick (Moringa oleifera)
Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus)
Fava bean (Vicia faba)
Garbanzo (Cicer arietinum)
Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)
Indian pea (Lathyrus sativus)
Lentil (Lens culinaris)
Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
Moth bean (Vigna acontifolia)
Mung bean (Vigna radiata)
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Pea (Pisum sativum)
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
Ricebean (Vigna umbellata)
Runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)
Snap pea (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon)
Snow pea (Pisum sativum var. saccharatum)
Soybean (Glycine max)
Tarwi (tarhui, chocho; Lupinus mutabilis)
Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius)
Urad bean (Vigna mungo)
Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)
Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)
[edit]Bulb and stem vegetables
Garlic bulbs and individual cloves, one peeled.
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus)
Celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum)
Celery (Apium graveolens)
Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum)
Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)
Garlic (Allium sativum)
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes group)
Kurrat (Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat)
Leek (Allium porrum)
Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera)
Nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica)
Onion (Allium cepa)
Pearl onion (A. ampeloprasum var. sectivum or A. ampeloprasum 'Pearl-Onion Group)
Potato onion ('Aggregatum group' of Allium cepa)
Prussian asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum)
Spring Onion/Scallion (Allium wakegi)
Shallot (Allium cepa Aggregatum group)
Tree Onion (Allium × proliferum) Also known as Egyptian Walking Onion due to its ability spread straight to another part of the garden
abusgata (Allium fistulosum)
Wild leek (Allium tricoccum)
[edit]Root and tuberous vegetables
Main article: List of root vegetables
Carrots come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, and also vary in color, including orange, white and purple.
Potatoes are one of the most used staple foods.
Ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa)
Arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza)
Bamboo shoot (Bambusa vulgaris and Phyllostachys edulis)
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)
Burdock (Arctium lappa)
Broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
Camas (Camassia)
Canna (Canna spp.)
Carrot (Daucus carota)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis)
Daikon (Raphanus sativus Longipinnatus group)
Earthnut pea (Lathyrus tuberosus)
Elephant Foot yam (Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius)
Ensete (Ensete ventricosum)
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Hamburg parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. tuberosum)
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)
Jícama (Pachyrhizus erosus)
Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum)
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
Pignut (Conopodium majus)
Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Prairie turnip (Psoralea esculenta)
Radish (Raphanus sativus)
Rutabaga (Brassica napus Napobrassica group)
Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius)
Scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica)
Skirret (Sium sisarum)
Swede (Brassica napus Napobrassica group)
Sweet Potato or Kumara (Ipomoea batatas)
Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
Ti (Cordyline fruticosa)
Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus)
Turnip (Brassica rapa Rapifera group)
Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus)
Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)
Water caltrop (Trapa natans) or (Trapa bicornis).
Water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)
Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius)
Yam (Dioscorea spp.)[2]
[edit]Sea vegetables
Caulerpa is a genus of edible seaweed.
Aonori (Monostroma spp., Enteromorpha spp.)
Arame (Eisenia bicyclis)
Carola (Callophyllis variegata)
Dabberlocks or badderlocks (Alaria esculenta)
Dulse or dillisk (Palmaria palmata)
Hijiki (Hizikia fusiformis)
Kombu (Laminaria japonica)
Laver (or gim) (Porphyra spp.)
Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus)
Nori (Porphyra spp.)
Ogonori (Gracilaria spp.)
Sea grape (Caulerpa spp.)
Sea kale (Crambe maritima)
Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)
Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida)
[edit]See also
List of culinary fruits
Vegetable juice
Herbs
[edit]References
^ "Tomato sauce on [[pizza]] is a vegetable, says Congress; GOP says healthier school lunches are too expensive". New York Daily News. November 16, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-21.Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
^ "Everyday Mysteries: Yam". Library of Congress, United States of America. 2011.
[edit]External links
Lists of Vegetables
Categories: Lists of foodsLists of plantsVegetables
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List of culinary fruits
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Common culinary fruits.
This list of culinary fruits contains the names of some fruits that are considered edible in some cuisines. The word "fruit" is used in several different ways.[1] The definition of fruit for these lists is a culinary fruit, i.e. "Any sweet, edible part of a plant that resembles fruit, even if it does not develop from a floral ovary; also used in a technically imprecise sense for some sweet or sweetish vegetables, some of which may resemble a true fruit or are used in cookery as if they were a fruit, for example rhubarb."[2]
Note that many edible plant parts that are true fruits botanically speaking, are not considered culinary fruits. They are classified as vegetables in the culinary sense, (for example: the tomato, cucumber, zucchini, and so on), and hence they do not appear in this list. Similarly, some botanical fruits are classified as nuts (e.g. Brazil nut and various almonds), or staples (e.g. breadfruit), and likewise do not appear here. There also exist many fruits which are edible and palatable but for various reasons have not become popular. In many asian countries like China, some culinary fruits are considered non-culinary in the west. See: Chinese Culinary Fruits
For inedible fruits, please see list of inedible fruits.
Contents [hide]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Culinary fruits by climate Culinary fruits by geographical origin Culinary fruits by type of flora
[edit]Alphabetical list by common name
Papayas
An array of tropical fruits at University of Hyderabad, India
Acerola
Mangos
Passion fruits
[edit]A
Abiu (Pouteria caimito; Sapotaceae)
Açaí (Euterpe oleracea; Arecaceae), or Assai
Acerola (Malpighia glabra; Malpighiaceae), also called Barbados cherry or West Indian cherry
Ackee (Blighia sapida or Cupania sapida; Sapindaceae)
African cherry orange (Citropsis schweinfurthii; Rutaceae)
African mango (Irvingia gabonensis)
African moringa (Moringa stenopetala; Moringaceae)
Ambarella (Spondias dulcis; Anacardiaceae)
American Black Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis; Adoxaceae)
American Chestnut (Castanea dentata; Fagaceae)
American grape: North American species (e.g., Vitis labrusca; Vitaceae) and American-European hybrids are grown where grape (Vitis vinifera) is not hardy and are used as rootstocks
American Hazelnut (Corylus americana; Betulaceae)
American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba; Annonaceae)
American Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana; Ebenaceae)
American plum (Prunus americana; Rosaceae)
American Red Elderberry (Sambucus pubens; Adoxaceae)
American Red Raspberry (Rubus strigosus; Rosaceae)
Apple and crabapple (Malus)
Apple, Malay, see Malay apple
Apple, custard, see Custard apple
Apple, elephant, see Elephant apple
Apple, kei, see key apple
Apple, mammee, see mammee apple
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca or Armeniaca vulgaris)
Araza (Eugenia stipitata)
Arhat (Siraitia grosvenorii; Cucurbitaceae) Also called longevity fruit
Atemoya (Annona cherimola × Annona squamosa; Annonaceae)
Atherton Raspberry (Rubus probus; Rosaceae)
Avocado (Persea americana; Lauraceae)
[edit]B
Babaco (Carica pentagona; Caricaceae)
Bacupari (Garcinia gardneriana)
Bacuri (Platonia esculenta; Guttiferae)
Bael, or Woodapple (Aegle marmelos; Rutaceae), found in eastern India.
Banana (Musacea spp.; Musaceae); its starchy variant is the plantain
Barbadine (granadilla; maracujá-açu in Portuguese)
Barbados Cherry, see acerola
Batuan (Garcinia morella)
Beach Plum (Prunus maritima; Rosaceae)
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos spp.)
Betel Nut (“Areca catechu”; Arecaceae)
Bignay (Antidesma bunius; Euphorbiaceae)
Bilberry or whortleberry (Vaccinium spp.)
Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi; Oxalidaceae) Also called cucumber tree or tree sorrel
Biribi (Rollinia deliciosa; Annonaceae)
Bitter melon, the flesh of which is bitter, and used as a culinary vegetable, but with a sweet coating around the mature seeds
Black Apple (Planchonella australis; Sapotaceae)
Black cherry (Prunus serotina; Rosaceae) very popular flavoring for pies, jams, and sweets.
Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis or Rubus leucodermis; Rosaceae)
Black Mulberry (Morus nigra; Moraceae)
Black Sapote (Diospyros digyna)
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra; Juglandaceae)
Blackberry, of which there are many species and hybrids, such as dewberry, boysenberry, olallieberry, and tayberry (genus Rubus)
Blood Orange
Blue tongue (Melastoma affine; Melastomataceae)
Blueberry (Vaccinium, sect. Cyanococcus; Ericaceae)
Bolivian coconut (Parajubaea torallyi)
Bolwarra (Eupomatia laurina; Eupomatiaceae)
Boquila (Boquila trifoliata ; Lardizabalaceae)
Bottle Gourd also known as Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria; Cucurbitaceae)
Brazilian Guava (Psidium guineense; Myrtaceae)
Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi; Moraceae)
Breadnut, Mayan, see Mayan breadnut
Broad-leaf Bramble (Rubus moluccanus; Rosaceae)
Buah Badai (Canarium odontophyllum; Burseraceae)
Buddha's Hand
Buffaloberry ("Shepherdia argentea"; Elaeagnaceae), which grows wild in the prairies of Canada
Burdekin Plum (Pleiogynium timorense; Anacardiaceae)
Burmese grape, or Latka (Baccaurea sapida; Phyllanthaceae)
Bush tomato (Certain Solanum species; Solanaceae)
Button Mangosteen (Garcinia prainiana)
[edit]C
Caimito (Chrysophyllum_cainito; Sapotaceae)
Calabash Tree (Crescentia cujete)
Calamondin (Citrofortunella Microcarpa)
Calamansi (×Citrofortunella Mitis))
CamuCamu (Myrciaria dubia; Myrtaceae)
Canary melon
Canistel (Pouteria campechiana; Sapotaceae), also called yellow sapote or "eggfruit"
Cantaloupe
Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana; Solanaceae)
Capuli cherry (Prunus salicifolia, Prunus capuli or Prunus serotina subsp. capuli); Rosaceae), native to the Andes[3]
Carambola (Averrhoa carambola; Oxalidaceae), also called star fruit or five fingers
Cardón (Pachycereus pringlei; Cactaceae)
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua; Fabaceae)
Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale)
Cassabanana (Sicana odorifera; Cucurbitaceae)
Cattley Guava (Psidium cattleianum; Myrtaceae)
Cawesh (Annona scleroderma; Annonaceae)
Cedar Bay cherry (Eugenia carissoides; Myrtaceae)
Ceriman (Monstera deliciosa; Araceae)
Cereus peruvianus
Ceylon gooseberry (Dovyalis hebecarpa; Flacourtiaceae
Charichuelo (Garcinia intermedia)
Chayote (Sechium edule; Cucurbitaceae)
Che (Cudrania tricuspidata; Moraceae) Also called Cudrania, Chinese Mulberry, Cudrang, Mandarin Melon Berry, Silkworm Thorn, zhe
Chempedak or Champedak (Artocarpus integer; Moraceae)
Chenet (guinep or ackee; pitomba-das-Guinas in Portuguese), also known as Spanish lime or mamoncillo
Cherimoya (Annona cherimola; Annonaceae), native to the Ecuadorian Andes[4]
Cherry, sweet, black, sour, and wild species (Prunus avium, Prunus serotina, Prunus cerasus, and others)
Cherry ballart (Exocarpus cupressiformis; Santalaceae)
Cherry of the Rio Grande (Eugenia aggregata; Myrtaceae)
Chilean guava (Psidium cattleianum; see also ugni (Myrtaceae)
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus zizyphus; Rhamnaceae)
Chinese Olive (Canarium album; Burseraceae)
Chinese Quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis)
Chokeberry (Aronia)
Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)
Chupa-Chupa (Quararibea cordata; Malvaceae)
Citron (Citrus medica)
Clementine (Citrus reticulata var. clementine),
Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
Cluster fig (Ficus racemosa; Moraceae)
Cocky apple (Planchonia careya)
Coco Plum (Chrysobalanus icaco; Chrysobalanaceae)
Cocona (Solanum sessilifolium; Solanaceae)
Coconut (Cocos nucifera; Arecaceae)
Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco; Chrysobalanaceae)
Coffee ("coffee cherries" surround the better-known "bean")
Cola nut (Cola acuminata; Sterculiaceae)
Common apple-berry (Billardiera scandens; Pittosporaceae)
Conkerberry (Carissa lanceolata; Apocynaceae)
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas; Cornaceae)
Costa Rican Guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum; Myrtaceae)
Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.)
Crowberry (Empetrum spp.)
Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum; Malvaceae)
Currant (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae), red, black, and white types
Curry-leaf Tree (Murraya koenigii; Rutaceae)
Custard Apple (Annona reticulata; Annonaceae), also called Bullock's Heart
[edit]D
Damson plum (Prunus domestica subsp. insititia; Rosaceae)
Date (Phoenix dactylifera; Arecaceae)
Date plum (Diospyros lotus; Ebenaceae)
Davidson's plum (Davidsonia spp.; Cunoniaceae) Davidsonia jerseyana Davidsonia johnsonii Davidsonia pruriens
Dead Man's Fingers (Blue Bean, Blue Sausage Fruit,Decaisnea fargesii)
Desert banana (Marsdenia australis)
Desert fig (Ficus platypoda; Moraceae)
Desert lime (Citrus glauca; Rutaceae)
Dodder laurel (Cassytha melantha)
Doubah (Marsdenia australis; Apocynaceae)
Double Coconut or Coco-de-mer(Lodoicea maldivica; Arecaceae)
Dragonfruit / Pitaya (Hylocereus spp.; Cactaceae)
Duku (Lansium domesticum; Meliaceae)
Durian (Durio zibethicus; Malvaceae)
[edit]E
Eastern May Hawthorn (Crataegus aestivalis; Rosaceae, better known as mayhaw.)
Elderberry (Sambucus; Caprifoliaceae)
Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica; Dilleniaceae)
Emblica, see Indian gooseberry
Emu Apple (Owenia acidula; Meliaceae)
Emu berry (Grewia retusifolia)
[edit]F
Falberry (Vaccinium spp.)
False-mastic (Sideroxylon foetidissimum; Sapotaceae)
Feijoa, see pineapple guava
Fibrous Satinash (Syzygium fibrosum; Myrtaceae)
Fig (Ficus spp. Moraceae)
Finger Lime (Citrus australasica; Rutaceae)
Florida strangler fig (Ficus aurea; Moraceae)
Forest strawberries, Fragaria vesca
[edit]G
Gac
Galia melon
Gambooge (Garcinia cambogia; Clusiaceae)
Genip (Melicoccus bijugatus; Sapindaceae)
Giant Colombian blackberry (Rubus macrocarpus), native to the highlands of Colombia, up to 5cm long and 2.5cm wide[5]
Giant Granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis; Passifloraceae)
Gooseberry (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae)
Gooseberry, Ceylon, see Ceylon gooseberry
Gooseberry, Indian, see Indian gooseberry
Gooseberry, Otaheite, see Otaheite gooseberry
Gooseberry, cape, see cape gooseberry
Goumi (Elaeagnus multiflora; Elaeocarpaceae)
Governor’s Plum (Flacourtia indica; Flacourtiaceae)
Granadilla, Montessa, see Montessa granadilla
Granadilla, yellow, see yellow granadilla
Grape, called raisin, sultana when it is dried. (Vitis spp.; Vitaceae)
Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi; Rutaceae)
Greengage, a cultivar of the plum
Ground Plum (Astragalus crassicarpus; Fabaceae), also called Ground-plum milk-vetch
Grumichama (Eugenia brasiliensis; Myrtaceae)
Guanabana (Annona muricata; Annonaceae)
Guarana (Paullinia cupana; Sapindaceae)
Guava (Psidium guajava; Myrtaceae)
Guava, Cattley, see Cattley guava
Guava, Chilean, see Chilean guava
Guava, Costa Rican, see Costa Rican guava
Guava, pineapple, see pineapple guava
Guava, purple, see purple guava
Guava, strawberry, see strawberry guava
Guavaberry/Rumberry; (Myrciaria floribunda; Myrtaceae)
[edit]H
Hackberry (Celtis spp.; Cannabaceae)
Hairless rambutan
Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia arguta; Actinidiaceae family)
Hawthorn (Crataegus and Rhaphiolepis)
Hog Plum (taperebá in Portuguese)
Honeydew
Honeysuckle[6]
Horned melon (Cucumis metuliferus; Cucurbitaceae)
Huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.)
Huito (Genipa americana; Rubiaceae); also called jagua, genipap, jenipapo
[edit]I
Ice Cream Bean (Inga edulis)
Ilama (Annona diversifolia; Annonaceae)
Illawarra Plum (Podocarpus elatus; Podocarpaceae)
Imbe (Garcinia livingstonei)
Indian almond
Indian fig
Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica/Emblica officinalis; Euphorbiaceae)
Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana; Rhamnaceae)
Indian prune (Flacourtia rukan; Flacourtiaceae)
[edit]J
Jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora; Myrtaceae), also called Brazilian Grape Tree
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae), also called nangka
Jambul (Syzygium cumini; Myrtaceae)
Japanese Persimmon, or Sharon fruit (Diospyros kaki; Ebenaceae)
Jatobá (Hymenae coubaril; Leguminosae) Caesalpinioideae)
Jelly Palm (Butia capitata)
Jocote, also called Jamaica Plum
Jujube (Ziziphus zizyphus; Rhamnaceae)
Jujube, Chinese, see Chinese jujube
Jujube, Indiana, see Indian jujube
Juniper berry (Juniperus spp.), used for flavoring and in making gin
[edit]K
Kabosu (Citrus Sphaerocarpa) Rutaceae
Kaffir lime (Citrus hystix)
Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides)
Kakadu lime (Citrus gracilis; Rutaceae)
Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana; Combretaceae)
Kandis (Garcinia forbesii; Clusiaceae)
Kapok (Ceiba pentandra; Bombacaceae)
Karkalla (Carpobrotus rossii; Aizoaceae)
Karonda (Carissa carandas; Apocynaceae)
Kei apple (Dovyalis caffra; Flacourtiaceae)
Kepel fruit (Stelechocarpus burahol; Annonaceae)
Keule (Gomortega keule; Gomortegaceae)
Key Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)
Kitembilla (Dovyalis hebecarpa; Flacourtiaceae)
Kiwano, see horned melon
Kiwifruit (Actinida spp.; Actinidiaceae)
Korlan
Kumquat (Fortunella spp.)
Kumquat, meiwa, see meiwa kumquat
Kumquat, nagami, see nagami kumquat
Kundong (Garcinia sp.; Clusiaceae)
Kutjera (Solanum centrale; Solanaceae)
Kwai Muk (Artocarpus hypargyraea; Moraceae)
[edit]L
Lady apple (Syzygium suborbiculare; Myrtaceae)
Lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha; Moraceae)
Langsat (Lansium domesticum), also called longkong or duku
Lanzones (Lansium domesticum; Meliaceae)
Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris Roxb. Anacardiaceae)
Lardizabala (Lardizabala biternata; Lardizabalaceae)
Lemon (Citrus limon)
Lemon aspen (Acronychia acidula; Rutaceae)
Leucaena
Lillypilly (Acmena spp., Syzygium spp.) Used raw and in jam
Little gooseberry tree (Buchanania arborescens; Anacardiaceae)
Lime
Limeberry (Trifasia trifolia; Rutaceae)
Limequat (Citrus aurantifolia × Fortunella spp.; Rutaceae)
Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)
Loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus)
Longan (Dimocarpus longan or Euphoria longana; Sapindaceae)
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica; Rosaceae)
Louvi (Flacourtia inermis; Flacourtaceae)
Lúcuma (Pouteria campechiana; Sapotaceae)
Lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae)
[edit]M
Ma-praang (Bouea macrophylla; Anacardiaceae)
Mabolo (Diospyros discolor; Ebenaceae) also known as a velvet persimmon
Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia; Proteaceae)
Macadamia, rough shell, see rough shell macadamia
Madrono (Rheedia acuminata; Guttiferae)
Malabar plum (Syzygium jambos; Myrtaceae)
Malay Apple (Syzygium malaccense; Myrtaceae)
Mamey Sapote (Pouteria sapota; Sapotaceae)
Mammee Apple (Mammea americana; Guttiferae)
Mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus; Sapindaceae), also known as quenepa, genip or Fijian Longan
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)
Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa; Apocynaceae)
Mango (Mangifera indica; Anacardiaceae)
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana; Guttiferae)
Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce; Leguminosae)
Manoao (Manoao colensoi)
Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis; Elaeocarpaceae)
Marang
Marula (Sclerocarya birrea)
Breadnut, Mayan (Brosimum alicastrum; Moraceae)
Mayapple (Podophyllum spp.; Berberidaceae)
Mayhaw, see Eastern may hawthorn
Maypop (Passiflora incarnata; Passifloraceae)
Medlar (Mespilus germanica)
Meiwa Kumquat (Fortunella japonica; Rutaceae)
Melinjo
Melon pear
Midyim (Austromyrtus dulcis; Myrtaceae)
Miracle Fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum; Sapotaceae)
Mock Strawberry or Indian Strawberry (Potentilla indica; Rosaceae)
Mombin, purple, see purple mombin
Mombin, red, see red mombin
Mombin, yellow, see yellow mombin
Monkey Jackfruit (Artocarpus rigidus; Moraceae)
Monkey Tamarind (Inga edulis; Leguminosae)
Monstera (Monstera deliciosa; Araceae) also called Swiss Cheese Plant, Split-leaf Philodendron
Montessa Granadilla (Passiflora platyloba; Passifloraceae)
Mora Común (Rubus adenotrichus), most common native berry from Mexico to Ecuador[7]
Mora de Castilla (Rubus glaucus), a blackberry native to South and Central America[8]
Morinda
Morinda citrifolia
Mortiño, or Andean blueberry (Vaccinium floribundum), undomesticated, abundant in the northern Andes[9]
Mountain pepper (Tasmannia spp.; Winteraceae )
Mountain Soursop (Annona montana; Annonaceae)
Mulberry (Morus spp.; Moraceae) including black, red and white mulberry
Munydjudj, see wild plum
Mundu (Garcinia dulcis)
Muntries (Kunzea pomifera; Myrtaceae)
Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia; Vitaceae)
Muskmelon
[edit]N
Naartjie (Citrus reticulata, Citrus nobilis)
Nagami Kumquat (Fortunella margarita; Rutaceae)
Nageia (Nageia spp.)
Nance (Byrsonima crassifolia; Malpighiaceae)
Nannyberry or sheepberry (Viburnum spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense; Solanaceae)
Native currant (Acrotriche depressa; Ericaceae)
Native gooseberry (Physalis minima; Solanaceae)
Native raspberry (Rubus parviflorus)
Nectarine, see peach
Neem (Azadirachta indica; Meliaceae)
Néré (Parkia biglobosa)
Nonda plum (Parinari nonda)
Noni (Morinda citrifolia; Rubiaceae)
Nungu (Borassus flabellifer; Arecaceae)
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans; Myristicaceae)
[edit]O
Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis; Arecaceae)
Olive
Orange, of which there are sweet (Citrus sinensis) and sour (Citrus aurantium) species
Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium; Berberidaceae)
Oroblanco (Citrus paradisi C. grandis) Rutaceae (Also called the sweetie)
Otaheite gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus; Phyllanthaceae)
[edit]P
Palmyra Palm/Toddy Palm (Borassus flabellifer; Arecaceae)
Papaya (Carica papaya; Caricaceae)
Passion fruit or Granadilla (Passiflora edulis and other Passiflora spp.; Passifloraceae)
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba; Annonaceae, not to be confused with Papaya (Carica papaya; Caricaceae), which is called pawpaw in some English dialects)
Peach (of the normal and white variety) and its variant the nectarine (Prunus persica)
Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes; Arecaceae)
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea; Fabaceae)
Peanut butter fruit (Bunchosia argentea; Malpighiaceae)
Pear, European and Asian species (Pyrus)
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis or illinoensis; Juglandaceae)
Pepino (Solanum muricatum)
Pequi (Caryocar brasiliensis; Caryocaraceae)
Persian lime Also known as tahiti lime.
Persimmon, American, see American persimmon
Persimmon, oriental, see Oriental persimmon
Peumo (Cryptocarya alba; Lauraceae)
Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis; Tiliaceae)
Pigeon pea
Pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia; Polygonaceae)
Pigface (Carpobrotus glaucescens; Aizoaceae)
Pili Nut (Canarium ovatum; Burseraceae)
Pindo Palm (Butia Capitata; Arecaceae)
Pineapple (Ananas comosus ; Bromeliaceae)
Pineapple guava (Feijoa sellowiana; Myrtaceae)
Pink-flowered Native Raspberry (Rubus parvifolius; Rosaceae)
Pistachio (Pistacia vera; Anacardiaceae)
Pitaya, see Dragon fruit
Pitomba (Eugenia luschnathiana or Talisia esculenta)
Plum, of which there are several domestic and wild species; dried plums are called prunes
Pois doux (Inga edulis, ice-cream bean, or inga-cipó in Portuguese)
Pomegranate (Punica granatum; Punicaceae)
Pomelo (also known as the shaddock) (Citrus maxima)
Pommecythère or pomcité (Spondias cytherea); also known as golden apple, June plum or Jew plum and ambarella, and as cajamanga in Portuguese
Pommerac (Eugenia malaccensis); also known as Otaheite apple; Malay apple; jambo in Portuguese
Pond-apple (Annona glabra; Annonaceae) Also called Alligator-apple and Monkey-apple
Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.; Cactaceae) used as both a fruit and vegetable depending on part of plant.
Pulasan (Nephelium mutabile; Sapindaceae)
Pummelo (Citrus grandis; Rutaceae)
Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.)
Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes; Arecaceae); also known as Peach Plum or Pewa
Purple apple-berry (Billarderia longiflora; Pittosporaceae)
Purple granadilla (Passiflora edulis f edulis; Passifloraceae)
Purple Guava (Psidium rufum; Myrtaceae)
Purple Mombin (Spondias purpurea; Anacardiaceae)
[edit]Q
Quandong (Santalum acuminatum; Santalaceae)
Queensland Ebony (Diospyros humilis)
Quince (Cydonia oblonga and Chaenomeles)
[edit]R
Raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis, Rhamnaceae) Also called Japanese Raisin Tree
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum; Sapindaceae)
Raspberry, several species (genus Rubus)
Red granadilla (Passiflora coccinea; Passifloraceae)* Red Mombin (Spondias purpurea; Anacardiaceae)
Red Mombin (Spondias purpurea; Anacardiaceae)
Red Mulberry (Morus rubra)
Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum; Polygonaceae)
Riberry (Syzygium luehmannii; Myrtaceae), also called Lilly Pilly, Lillipilli, Chinese Apple
Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum)
Rollinia (Rollinia mucosa; Annonaceae)
Rose Apple (Syzygium jambos; Myrtaceae)
Rose hip, the fruitlike base of roses (Rosa); used mostly for jams and tisane
Rose-leaf Bramble (Rubus rosifolius; Rosaceae)
Rose myrtle (Archirhodomyrtus beckleri; Myrtaceae)
Rough Shell Macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla; Proteaceae)
Rowan (Sorbus)
[edit]S
Safou (Dacryodes edulis), also called atanga or butterfruit
Sageretia (Sageretia theezans; Rhamnaceae) Also called Mock Buckthorn.
Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea; Cactaceae)
Salak (Salacca edulis; Arecaceae), also called snakefruit or cobrafruit
Salal (Gaultheria shallon; Ericaceae)
Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)
Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata; Moraceae)
Santol (Sandoricum koetjape; Meliaceae)
Sapote, see mamey
Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota; Sapotaceae), also called chiku, mespel, naseberry, sapadilla, snake fruit, sawo
Satinash, fibrous, see #fibrous_satinash#fibrous satinash
Saskatoonberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, Rosaceae)
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens; Arecaceae)
Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides; Elaeagnaceae)
Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera; Polygonaceae)
Serviceberry or Saskatoon (Amelanchier)
Shipova (× Sorbopyrus auricularis)
Small-leaf tamarind (Diploglottis campbellii; Sapindaceae)
Snow berry (Gaultheria hispida; Ericaceae)
Soncoya (Annona diversifolia; Annonaceae)
Service tree (Sorbus domestica), bears a fruit known as a sorb or sorb apple
Soursop (Annona muricata; Annonaceae), also called guanabana
Southern Crabapple (Malus angustifolia; Rosaceae)
Spanish lime (Melicoccus bijugatus; Sapindaceae)
Spanish tamarind (Vangueria madagascariensis)
Spiny Monkey-orange (Strychnos spinosa)
Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito; Chrysobalanaceae), also called caimito or caimite
Starfruit, see carambola
Strawberry (Fragaria)
Strawberry Guava (Psidium littorale; Myrtaceae)
Strawberry myrtle, see ugni
Strawberry Pear
Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa; Annonaceae); ata in Portuguese
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia uniflora; Myrtaceae) also called Brazilian Cherry, Cayenne Cherry, Pitanga
Sweet apple-berry (Billarderia cymosa; Pittosporaceae)
Sweet Granadilla (Passiflora ligularis; Passifloraceae)
Sweet Lemon (Citrus limetta)
Sweet orange
Sweet pepper
Sweetsop (Annona squamosa; Annonaceae) also called Sugar Apple
Sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus. Moraceae) also called old world sycomore or just sycomore.
[edit]T
Tahitian apple (Spondias dulcis)
Tamarillo or Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea; Solanaceae)
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica; Leguminosae)
Tamarind, Manila, see Manila tamarind
Tamarind, monkey, see monkey tamarind
Tamarind, velvet, see velvet tamarind
Tangerine, and similar
Tanjong (Mimusops elengi; Sapindaceae)
Texas Persimmon (Diospyros texana; Ebenaceae)
Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus)
Tōtara (Podocarpus totara)
Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia; Rosaceae)
Tropical Almond (Terminalia catappa; Combretaceae)
[edit]U
Ugni (Ugni molinae; Myrtaceae)
[edit]V
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia; Orchidaceae)
Velvet Tamarind (Dialium indum; Leguminosae)
[edit]W
Wampee (Clausena lansium; Rutaceae)
Water Apple (Syzygium aqueum; Myrtaceae)
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
Wax Gourd, or winter melon (Benincasa hispida), eaten as a culinary vegetable when mature, but sweet when young
Wax jambu (Syzygium samarangense; Myrtaceae)
West Indian cherry, see acerola
White aspen (Acronychia oblongifolia; Rutaceae)
White Mulberry (Morus alba)
White Sapote (Casimiroa edulis; Rutaceae)
Whortleberry, see bilberry
Wild grape (Ampelocissus acetosa)
Wild orange (Capparis mitchellii; Capparaceae)
Wild peach (Terminalia carpentariae)
Wild plum (munydjudj) (Buchanania obovata)
Wild plum (Santalum lanceolatum)
Wild Mangosteen (Garcinia indica)
Wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius)
Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum, Lycium spp.; Solanaceae)
Wongi (Manilkara kaukii; Sapotaceae)
Wood Apple (Feronia limonia; Rutaceae)
[edit]Y
Yangmei (Myrica rubra; Myricaceae) Also called Yumberry, Yamamomo, Chinese Bayberry, Japanese Bayberry, Red Bayberry, or Chinese strawberry tree
Yantok, or rattan fruit (Calamus manillensis)
Yellow Granadilla (Passiflora edulis f flavicarpa; Passifloraceae)
Yellow Mombin (Spondias mombin; Anacardiaceae)
Yellow plum (Ximenia americana; Olacaceae)
Yew (Taxus baccata; Taxaceae)
Youngberry
[edit]Z
Zig Zag Vine (Melodurum leichhardtii; Annonaceae)
Ziziphus, see Jujube
[edit]Culinary fruits by climate
[edit]Temperate fruits
Fruits of temperate climates are almost always borne on trees or woody shrubs or lianas. They will not grow adequately in the tropics, as they need a period of cold (a chilling requirement) each year before they will flower. The apple, pear, cherry, and plum are the most widely grown and eaten, owing to their adaptability. Many other fruits are important regionally but do not figure prominently in commerce. Many sorts of small fruit on this list are gathered from the wild, just as they were in Neolithic times.
Apples
[edit]The pome fruits
Apple and crabapple (Malus)
Chokeberry
Hawthorn
Loquat
Medlar
Pear
Quince
Rose hip
Rowan
Service tree
Serviceberry
Shipova
[edit]The stone fruits, drupes of genus Prunus
Apricot
Cherry, sweet, black, sour, and wild species
Chokecherry
Greengage
Peach varieties and nectarine
Plum
Hybrids of the preceding species, such as the plumcot/apriplum, pluot, aprium, and peacotum
[edit]Other temperate fruits
Boquila
Elaeocarpaceae
Goumi
Keule
Lardizabala
Maqui
Peumo
Grape, Vitis labrusca
[edit]Berries
In non-technical usage, berry means any small fruit that can be eaten whole and lacks objectionable seeds. The bramble fruits, compound fruits of genus Rubus (blackberries), are some of the most popular of these that are not true berries:
[edit]Rubus
Raspberries
Blackberry, including dewberry, boysenberry, olallieberry, and tayberry
Cloudberry
Loganberry
Raspberry species
Salmonberry
Thimbleberry
Wineberry
[edit]True berries
The true berries are dominated by the family Ericaceae, many of which are hardy in the subarctic:
Bearberry
Bilberry
Blueberry
Crowberry
Cranberry
Falberry
Huckleberry
Lingonberry
Strawberry
[edit]Other berries
Currant
Elderberry
Gooseberry
Hackberry
Honeysuckle[6]
Mulberry, including red and white mulberry
Mayapple
Nannyberry
Oregon grape
Sea-buckthorn
Ugni
Wolfberry
[edit]Mediterranean and subtropical fruits
Fruits in this category are not hardy to extreme cold, as the preceding temperate fruits are, yet tolerate some frost and may have a modest chilling requirement. Notable among these are natives of the Mediterranean:
[edit]Mediterranean natives
Grapes
Black mulberry
Cornelian cherry
Date
Fig
Grapes, Vitis vinifera and raisins
Jujube
Pomegranate
Sycamore fig
[edit]Citrus
In the important genus Citrus (Rutaceae), some members are tropical, tolerating no frost. All common species of commerce are somewhat hardy:
Lemon
Blood Orange
Citron
Clementine
Grapefruit
Kumquat
Lemon
Lime, including Key, Persian and Kaffir lime
Mandarin
Naartjie
Orange (sweet or sour)
Pomelo
Sweet Lemon
Kabosu
Oroblanco
Tangerine
Hybrids of the preceding species, such as the Orangelo, Tangelo, Rangpur (fruit) and Ugli fruit
See also: List of Citrus fruits
[edit]Other subtropical fruits
Avocado
Carob
Feijoa
Guava
Longan
Lúcuma
Lychee
Passion fruit
Peanut
Pond-apple
Strawberry guava
Tamarillo
Yangmei
Néré
[edit]Tropical fruits
Tropical fruits grow on plants of all habitats. The only characteristic that they share is an intolerance of frost.
[edit]A
Abiu
Açaí
Acerola
Ackee
African cherry orange
African moringa
Agave
Allspice
Ambarella
American Persimmon
Araza
Atemoya
Avocado
[edit]B
Babaco
Bacupari
Bacuri
Bael
Banana
Barbadine
Barbados Cherry
Betel Nut
Bignay
Bilimbi
Biribi
Black Mulberry
Black Sapote
Bolivian coconut
Bottle Gourd
Breadnut
Burmese grape
[edit]C
Caimito fruit cut in half. It is native to the lowlands of Central America and the West Indies
Caimito
Calabash Tree
Calamansi
CamuCamu
Canistel
Cape Gooseberry
Capulin Cherry
Carambola
Cassabanana
Cattley Guava
Cawesh
Ceriman
Ceylon gooseberry
Chayote
Chempedak
Chenet
Cherimoya
Chilean guava
Chinese jujube
Cherry of the Rio Grande
Chinese Olive
Chupa-Chupa
Coco Plum
Cocona
Double Coconut
Coconut
Cola nut
Costa Rican Guava
Cupuaçu
Curry-leaf Tree
Cocoplum
Custard Apple
[edit]D
Damson plum
Date plum
Dead Man's Fingers
Dragonfruit
Duku
Durian
[edit]E
Elephant Apple
Emblica
[edit]G
Gambooge
Genip
Giant Granadilla
Governor’s Plum
Grapefruit
Grumichama
Guanabana
Guarana
Guava
Guavaberry
[edit]H
Hairless rambutan
Hog Plum
Horned melon
Huito
Honeydew
[edit]I
Ice Cream Bean
Ilama
Imbe
Indian almond
Indian fig
Indian gooseberry
Indian jujube
Indian prune
[edit]J
Jaboticaba
Jackfruit
Jambul
Jatobá
Jelly Plum
Jocote
[edit]K
Kandis
Kapok
Karonda
Kei apple
Kepel fruit
Key lime
Kitembilla
Kiwano
Kiwifruit
Kwai Muk
Korlan
Kundong
[edit]L
Lakoocha
Langsat
Lanzones
Lemon
Leucaena
Limeberry
Limequat
Lime
Longan
Loquat
Louvi
Lucuma
Lychee
[edit]M
Mabolo
Macadamia
Madrono
Malabar plum
Malay Apple
Mammee Apple
Mamey
Mamoncillo
Mangaba
Mango
Mangosteen
Manila tamarind
Ma-praang
Mayan Breadnut
Maypop
Medlar
Meiwa Kumquat
Melinjo
Melon pear
Miracle Fruit
Monstera
Montessa Granadilla
Mountain Soursop
Monkey Jackruit
Monkey Tamarind
Mundu
Muskmelon
[edit]N
Nagami Kumquat
Nance
Naranjilla
Neem
Noni
Nutmeg
[edit]O
Oil Palm
Olive
Otaheite gooseberry
Orange
Oriental Persimmon
[edit]P
Palmyra Palm
Papaya
Passion fruit
Pawpaw
Peach palm
Peanut butter fruit
Pecan
Pepino
Pequi
Pewa
Phalsa
Pigeon pea
Pili Nut
Pindo Palm
Pineapple
Pineapple guava
Pistachio
Pitaya
Pitomba
Pois doux
Pomegranate
Pommecythère
Pommerac
Pulasan
Pummelo
Pupunha
Purple Guava
Purple granadilla
Purple Mombin
[edit]R
Rambutan
Red granadilla
Red Mombin
Riberry
Ridged gourd
Rollinia
Rose Apple
Rough Shell Macadamia
[edit]S
Safou
Salak
Santol
Sapodilla
Sea Grape
Soncoya
Soursop
Spanish lime
Star Apple
Strawberry Guava
Strawberry Pear
Sugar Apple
Summer squash
Surinam Cherry
Sweet Granadilla
Sweet orange
Sweet pepper
Sweetsop
[edit]T
Tahitian apple
Tangerine
Tamarind
[edit]U
Ugni
[edit]V
Vanilla
Velvet Tamarind
Voavanga
[edit]W
Wampee
Water Apple
Watermelon
Wax jambu
Wax Gourd
White Sapote
Winged Bean
Wood Apple
[edit]X
Xigua
[edit]Y
Yantok
Yellow Granadilla
Yellow Mombin
Youngberry
[edit]Z
Ziziphus
[edit]Culinary fruits by geographical origin
[edit]Fruits of African origin
Fruits native to Africa or of African origin:
Ackee
African cherry orange
African custard-apple
African mango
African medlar
African moringa
African peach
Aizen
Balsam apple
Calabash
Coco de mer
Coffee
Deleb palm
Desert date
Gemsbok cucumber
Gingerbread plum
Governor’s plum
Horned melon
Imbe
Indian jujube
Jackalberry
Junglesop
Kei apple
Marula
Mazhanje/Sugar plum
Melon
Milkplum/Stamvrug
Miracle Fruit
Mobola plum
Monkey-bread/Baobab
Natal plum/Carissa
Néré
Oil palm
Sand apple
Safou/Butterfruit
Spanish tamarind
Spiny monkey orange
Sweet detar
Sycamore fig
Tamarind
Waterberry
Waterbessie
Watermelon
White star apple
Wild apricot
[edit]Fruits of Asian origin
Fruits native to Asia or of Asian origin:
Arhat
Batuan
Bignay
Bilimbi
Breadfruit
Buddha's Hand
Bael
Mango
Carambola
Charichuelo
Calamondin
Burmese grape
Button Mangosteen
Chinese Quince
Che
Durian
Gac
Goumi
Jalpai
Jambul
Hardy Kiwi
Indian gooseberry
Kiwifruit
Mundu
Lanzones
Lapsi
Longan
Lychee
Mangosteen
Marang
Mock Strawberry
Nungu
Peach
Oriental persimmon
Pomelo
Rambutan
Rhubarb
Sageretia
Salak
Santol
Wild Mangosteen
[edit]Fruits of Latin American origin
Fruits native to Latin America or of Latin American origin. Plants are of South American origin, except as noted.
Açaí, Amazon basin
Avocado, Mesoamerica
Barberry
Cainito
Capuli cherry
Cherimoya
Coconut, Americas
Feijoa
Giant Columbian blackberry
Guarana, Brazilian Amazon
Guava, Mesoamerica
Keule
Lardizabala
Mamey Sapote, Mesoamerica
Mammee Apple
Maqui
Mora Común
Mortiño
Naranjilla
Papaya
Peumo
Pineapple
Sapote, Mesoamerica
Sea grape
Strawberry[10]
Soursop
Sugar-apple
Ugni[11]
[edit]Fruits of North American origin
Canada and the United States are home to a surprising number of edible plants, especially berries; however, only three are commercially grown/known on a global scale (grapes, cranberries, and blueberries.) Many of the fruits below are still eaten locally as they have been for centuries and others are generating renewed interest by eco-friendly gardeners (less need for bug control) and chefs of the region alike.
American Chestnut
American Black Elderberry
American grape
American Hazelnut
American Mayapple
American persimmon
American plum
American Red Elderberry
American Red Raspberry
Beach Plum
Black cherry
Black raspberry
Black Walnut
Blueberry
Buffaloberry
Chokecherry
Coco plum
Cranberry
Eastern May Hawthorn
False-mastic
Florida strangler fig
Ground Plum
#hardy kiwi/Hardy Kiwi
Huckleberry
Maypop
Muscadine
Pawpaw
Pecan
Prickly pear
Pigeon plum
Red mulberry
Salal
Salmonberry
Saskatoonberry
Saw Palmetto
Southern Crabapple
Texas Persimmon
Thimbleberry
Toyon
[edit]Fruits of Oceanian origin
Fruits native to Oceania or of Oceanian origin:
Atherton Raspberry
Black Apple
Blue tongue
Bolwarra
Broad-leaf Bramble
Burdekin Plum
Bush tomato
Cedar Bay cherry
Cherry ballart
Cluster fig
Cocky apple
Common apple-berry
Conkerberry
Davidson's plum
Desert banana
Desert fig
Desert lime
Dodder laurel
Doubah
Emu Apple
Emu berry
Fibrous Satinash
Finger Lime
Illawarra Plum
Kakadu lime
Kakadu plum
Karkalla
Kutjera
Lady apple
Lemon aspen
Lillypilly
Little gooseberry tree
Midyim
Morinda citrifolia
Mountain pepper
Muntries
Native currant
Native gooseberry
Native raspberry
Nonda plum
Pigface
Pink-flowered Native Raspberry
Purple apple-berry
Quandong
Queensland Ebony
Riberry
Rose-leaf Bramble
Rose myrtle
Sandpaper Fig
Small-leaf tamarind
Snow berry
Sweet apple-berry
Tanjong
White aspen
Wild grape
Wild orange
Wild peach
Wild plum (munydjudj)
Wild plum
Wongi
Yellow plum
Zig Zag Vine
[edit]Culinary fruits by type of flora
[edit]Rosaceae family
The family Rosaceae dominates the temperate fruits, both in numbers and in importance. The pome fruits, stone fruits and brambles are fruits of plants in Rosaceae.
The pome fruits:
Apple and crabapple
Chokeberry
Hawthorn
Loquat
Medlar
Pear
Quince
Rose hip
Rowan
Service tree
Serviceberry
Shipova
The stone fruits, drupes of genus Prunus:
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca or Armeniaca vulgaris)
Cherry, including sweet, black, sour, and wild species
Chokecherry
Greengage
Peach and nectarine
Plum of several species
Hybrids of the preceding species
[edit]Berries
In non-technical usage, berry means any small fruit that can be eaten whole and lacks objectionable seeds. The bramble fruits, compound fruits of genus Rubus (blackberries), are some of the most popular of these that are not true berries:
Blackberry, including many species and hybrids
Cloudberry
Loganberry
Raspberry of several species
Salmonberry
Thimbleberry
Wineberry
The true berries are dominated by the family Ericaceae, many of which are hardy in the subarctic:
Bearberry
Bilberry
Blueberry
Crowberry
Cranberry
Falberry
Huckleberry
Lingonberry
Strawberry Tree
Other berries not in Rosaceae or Ericaceae:
Açaí
Barberry
Currant
Elderberry
Gooseberry
Hackberry
Honeysuckle[6]
Mulberry, including red and white mulberry
Mayapple
Nannyberry
Oregon grape
Sea-buckthorn
Sea Grape
Ugniberry
Wolfberry
[edit]Cacti and other succulents
Several cacti yield edible fruits, which are important traditional foods for some Native American peoples:
Cardón
Dragonfruit
Prickly pear
Saguaro
Cereus peruvianus
Numerous other cactus species
[edit]Gymnosperms with fruit-like structures
Only Angiosperms have fruit, a structure that surrounds the seed. Gymnosperms have naked seeds, but some of them have reproductive structures that resemble fruit.[12]
[edit]Podocarps
Podocarps are conifers in the family Podocarpaceae, The seed cones are highly modified and, in some, the seed is surrounded by fleshy scale tissue, resembling a drupe. These berry-like cone scales are eaten by birds which then disperse the seeds in their droppings and the cones can be eaten in many species. Podocarps are either half-hardy or frost tender, depending on species. Many genera are similar in that they have edible "fruits" and often don't have a common name.
Kahikatea
Manoao
Nageia
Podocarpus
Prumnopitys
Rimu
Tōtara
[edit]Other gymnosperms
Juniper berry (a berry-like cone)
[edit]Melons and other members of Cucurbitaceae family
Most gourds and many melons are regarded as culinary vegetables. The following are generally regarded as fruits:
Bitter melon
Cantaloupe
Galia
Honeydew
Horned melon
Muskmelon
Watermelon
[edit]Accessory fruits
The accessory fruits, seed organs which are not botanically berries at all:
Cashew apple
Raisin tree
Strawberry
[edit]See also
Food portal
Fruit
Fruit tree propagation
List of culinary herbs and spices
List of culinary nuts
List of culinary vegetables
List of edible seeds
Tropical agriculture
[edit]Notes and references
^ See Vegetable#Terminology
^ See the Wiktionary definition of fruit
^ Lost Crops of the Incas, p. 223
^ Lost Crops of the Incas, p. 229
^ Lost Crops of the Incas p. 216
^ a b c The berries of some honeysuckle species (called honeyberries) are edible, others are poisonous
^ Lost Crops of the Incas, p. 217
^ Lost Crops of the Incas, p. 213
^ Lost Crops of the Incas, p. 218
^ Office of International Affairs (1989). Lost Crops of the Incas. National Academies Press. p. 116.
^ Lost Crops of the Incas", p. 218
^ Gifford, E.M.; Foster, A.S. (1989). Morphology and evolution of vascular plants. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
[edit]External links
"Center for New Crops". Purdue University.
Lists of Fruits, Berries, Melons
Fruits of Warm Climates
Rare Fruit Growers of California with Common fruit names
Tropical fruits
Temperate fruits
Categories: FruitLists of foodsLists of plants
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Post by ben on Apr 16, 2013 15:25:12 GMT -5
the etymology and history of first names
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Search
Biblical Names
These names occur in the English Bible. See also about biblical names.
Refine Results
There are 532 names matching your criteria.
AARON Ααρων m English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name אַהֲרֹן ('Aharon) which is most likely of unknown Egyptian origin... [more]
ABADDON אֲבַדּוֹן m Biblical
Means "ruin, destruction" in Hebrew... [more]
ABEDNEGO עֲבֵד־נְגוֹ m Biblical
Means "servant of Nebo" in Akkadian, Nebo being the Babylonian god of wisdom... [more]
ABEL Αβελ m English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name הֶבֶל (Hevel) or הָבֶל (Havel) which meant "breath"... [more]
ABIAH אֲבִיָה m & f Biblical
Variant of ABIJAH which also appears in the English Bible.
ABIDAN Αβιδαν m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Means "my father is judge" in Hebrew... [more]
ABIEL אֲבִיאֵל m Biblical
Means "God is my father" in Hebrew... [more]
ABIGAIL אֲבִיגַיִל f English, German, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name אֲבִיגָיִל ('Avigayil) meaning "my father is joy"... [more]
ABIHU אֲבִיהוּא m Biblical
Means "he is my father" in Hebrew... [more]
ABIJAH אֲבִיָה m & f Biblical
Means "my father is YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
ABILENE f Biblical
From a place name mentioned briefly in the New Testament... [more]
ABIMAEL אֲבִימָאֵל m Biblical
Means "my father is God" in Hebrew... [more]
ABIMELECH אֲבִימֶלֶך m Biblical
Means "my father is king" in Hebrew... [more]
ABIRAM אֲבִירָם m Biblical
Means "my father is exalted" in Hebrew... [more]
ABISHAG אֲבִישַׁג f Biblical
Means "my father strays" in Hebrew... [more]
ABISHAI אֲבִישַׁי m Biblical
Means "my father is a gift" in Hebrew... [more]
ABITAL אֲבִיטָל f Biblical
Means "my father is the night dew" in Hebrew... [more]
ABNER אַבְנֵר m English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
Means "my father is a light" in Hebrew... [more]
ABRAHAM אַבְרָהָם m English, Hebrew, Dutch, Biblical, Biblical Latin
This name may be viewed either as meaning "father of many" in Hebrew or else as a contraction of ABRAM (1) and הָמוֹן (hamon) "many, multitude"... [more]
ABRAM (1) אַבְרָם m Biblical
Means "high father" in Hebrew... [more]
ABSALOM אַבְשָׁלוֹם m Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name אַבְשָׁלוֹם ('Avshalom) which meant "my father is peace"... [more]
ACHAICUS Αχαικος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of the Greek name Αχαικος (Achaikos), which referred to the region in Greece called Αχαια (Achaia), situated on the northern coast of the Peloponnese... [more]
ACHAN עָכָן m Biblical
Possibly a variation of the Hebrew word עֲכָר ('akhar) meaning "trouble"... [more]
ACHIM (2) m Biblical
Possibly means "he will establish" in Hebrew... [more]
ADAH עָדָה f Biblical
Means "adornment" in Hebrew... [more]
ADALIA אֲדַלְיָא m Biblical
Possibly means "YAHWEH is just" in Hebrew... [more]
ADAM Αδαμ m English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Russian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Macedonian, Romanian, Hebrew, Arabic, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek, Biblical Hebrew
This is the Hebrew word for "man"... [more]
ADINA (1) עֲדִינָא m Biblical
Possibly related to Hebrew עֲדִינָא ('adina') "slender, delicate"... [more]
ADINO עֲדִינוֹ m Biblical
Means "ornament" in Hebrew... [more]
ADLAI עַדְלָי m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Contracted form of ADALIA... [more]
ADONIJAH אֲדֹנִיָה m Biblical
Means "my lord is YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
ADONIRAM אֲדֹנִירָם m Biblical
Means "my lord is exalted" in Hebrew... [more]
AGRIPPA m & f Ancient Roman, Biblical
Roman cognomen of unknown meaning, possibly from Greek αγριος (agrios) "wild" and ‘ιππος (hippos) "horse" or possibly of Etruscan origin... [more]
AHAB אַחְאָב m Biblical
Means "uncle", from Hebrew אָח ('ach) "brother" and אֲב ('av) "father"... [more]
AHINOAM אֲחִינֹעַם f Biblical
Means "my brother is pleasant" in Hebrew... [more]
ALEXANDER Αλεξανδρος m English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Hungarian, Slovak, Biblical, Ancient Greek (Latinized), Greek Mythology (Latinized)
Latinized form of the Greek name Αλεξανδρος (Alexandros), which meant "defending men" from Greek αλεξω (alexo) "to defend, help" and ανηρ (aner) "man" (genitive ανδρος)... [more]
ALLON אַלּוֹן m Biblical
Means "oak" in Hebrew. This name is mentioned briefly in the Old Testament.
ALPHAEUS m Biblical, Biblical Latin
From Αλφαιος (Alphaios), the Greek form of a Hebrew name that meant "changing"... [more]
ALVAH עַלְוָה m Biblical
Means "his highness" in Hebrew... [more]
AMAL (2) עָמָל m Biblical
Means "work" in Hebrew. This was the name of an Asherite in the Old Testament.
AMARIAH אֲמַרְיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH has said" in Hebrew... [more]
AMI (1) אָמִי m Biblical
Means "trustworthy, reliable" in Hebrew... [more]
AMITTAI אֲמִתַּי m Biblical
Means "my truth" in Hebrew... [more]
AMMIEL עַמִּיאֵל m Biblical
Means "God is my kinsman" in Hebrew... [more]
AMNON אַמְנוֹן m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew
Means "faithful" in Hebrew... [more]
AMOS Αμως m English, Hebrew, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek, Biblical Hebrew
Means "carried" in Hebrew... [more]
AMRAM עַמְרָם m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Hebrew
Means "exalted nation" in Hebrew... [more]
ANAH עֲנָה f & m Biblical
Means "answer" in Hebrew... [more]
ANAIAH עֲנָיָה m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "YAHWEH answers" in Hebrew... [more]
ANAN (2) עָנָן m Biblical
Means "cloud" in Hebrew... [more]
ANANI עֲנָנִי m Biblical
Means "my cloud" in Hebrew... [more]
ANANIAS ‘Ανανιας m Biblical, Biblical Latin
From ‘Ανανιας (Hananias), the Greek form of HANANIAH... [more]
ANATH (1) Αναθ m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Means "answer" in Hebrew... [more]
ANDREW m English, Biblical
From the Greek name Ανδρεας (Andreas), which was derived from ανηρ (aner) "man" (genitive ανδρος (andros) "of a man")... [more]
ANNA Αννα f English, Italian, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Estonian, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Icelandic, Catalan, Occitan, Breton, Biblical, Old Church Slavic, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Form of Channah (see HANNAH) used in the Greek and Latin Old Testament... [more]
ANNAS m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Contracted form of ANANIAS... [more]
APPHIA f Biblical
Greek form of a Hebrew name which possibly meant "increasing"... [more]
AQUILA m & f Biblical, Ancient Roman
From a Roman cognomen which meant "eagle" in Latin... [more]
ARAN (2) אֲרָן m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "wild goat" in Hebrew... [more]
ARCHELAUS Αρχελαος m Ancient Greek (Latinized), Biblical Latin, Biblical
Latinized form of the Greek name Αρχελαος (Archelaos), which meant "master of the people" from αρχος (archos) "master" and λαος (laos) "people"... [more]
ARELI אַרְאֵלִי m Biblical
Means "lion of God" in Hebrew... [more]
ARETAS m Biblical
Greek form of an Aramaic name, of unknown meaning... [more]
ARIDAI אֲרִידַי m Biblical
Meaning unknown, possibly of Persian origin... [more]
ARIEH אַרְיֵה m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "lion" in Hebrew... [more]
ARIEL Αριηλ m & f Hebrew, English, French, Biblical, Biblical Greek
Means "lion of God" in Hebrew... [more]
ARTAXERXES m Ancient Persian (Hellenized), History, Biblical
Greek form of the Persian name Artakhshathra meaning "righteous ruler"... [more]
ASA אָסָא m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "doctor" in Hebrew... [more]
ASAPH אָסָף m Biblical
Means "collector" in Hebrew... [more]
ASENATH אָסְנַת f Biblical
Means "devoted to the goddess NEITH" in Ancient Egyptian... [more]
ASHER אָשֵׁר m Hebrew, English, Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "happy" or "blessed" in Hebrew... [more]
ASHTORETH עַשְׁתֹרֶת f Biblical, Near Eastern Mythology
From עַשְׁתֹרֶת ('Ashtoret), the Hebrew form of the name of a Phoenician goddess of love, war and fertility... [more]
ATARAH עֲטָרָה f Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "crown" in Hebrew... [more]
ATHALIAH עֲתַלְיָה f & m Biblical
Means "afflicted of YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
AVITAL אֲבִיטָל f Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Hebrew form of ABITAL
AZAREL עֲזַרְאֵל m Biblical
Means "God has helped" in Hebrew... [more]
AZARIA עֲזַרְיָה m Biblical
Variant of AZARIAH
AZARIAH עֲזַרְיָה m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH has helped" in Hebrew... [more]
AZAZEL עֲזָאזֵל m Biblical
Means "scapegoat" in Hebrew... [more]
AZAZIAH עֲזַזְיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH is strong" in Hebrew... [more]
AZEL אָצֵל m Biblical
Means "reserved" in Hebrew... [more]
AZRIEL עֲזְרִיאֵל m Biblical
Means "help of God", derived from Hebrew עָזַר ('azar) "help" and אֵל ('el) "God"... [more]
AZUBAH עֲזוּבָה f Biblical
Means "forsaken" in Hebrew... [more]
BARAK (1) בָּרָק m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Greek, Biblical Hebrew
Means "lightning" in Hebrew... [more]
BARNABAS Βαρναβας m German, English (Rare), Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Greek form of an Aramaic name... [more]
BARTHOLOMEW m English, Biblical
From Βαρθολομαιος (Bartholomaios), which was the Greek form of an Aramaic name meaning "son of TALMAI"... [more]
BARUCH בָּרוּך m Biblical, Hebrew
Means "blessed" in Hebrew... [more]
BASEMATH בָּשְׂמַת f Biblical, Biblical Latin
Means "fragrance" in Hebrew... [more]
BASHEMATH f Biblical
Variant of BASEMATH
BASMATH בָּשְׂמַת f Biblical, Biblical Latin
Variant of BASEMATH... [more]
BATHSHEBA בַּת־שֶׁבַע f Biblical
Means "daughter of the oath" in Hebrew... [more]
BEELZEBUB בַּעַל זְבוּב m Biblical
From Hebrew בַּעַל זְבוּב (Ba'al Zevuv) meaning "lord of flies", intended as a mocking alteration of בּאל זבל (Ba'al Zevul) "Ba'al the exalted", one of the Canaanite names for their god BA'AL... [more]
BELIAL בְּלִיַעַל m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Judeo-Christian Legend
Means "worthless" in Hebrew... [more]
BELSHAZZAR בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר m Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical
From בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (Belshatzzar), the Hebrew form of the Akkadian name Bel-sarra-usur meaning "BA'AL protect the king "... [more]
BENAIAH
From the Hebrew name בְּנָיָהוּ (Benayahu) meaning "YAHWEH has built"... [more]
BENJAMIN בִּנְיָמִין m English, French, German, Dutch, Biblical
From the Hebrew name בִּנְיָמִין (Binyamin) which means "son of the south" or "son of the right hand"... [more]
BERNICE f English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
Contracted form of BERENICE... [more]
BETHANY f English, Biblical
From the name of a biblical town, possibly derived from Hebrew בֵּית־תְּאֵנָה (beit-te'enah) meaning "house of figs"... [more]
BETHEL בֵּית־אֵל f Biblical
From an Old Testament place name meaning "house of God" in Hebrew... [more]
BETHUEL בֵּתוּאֵל m Biblical
Means "man of God" in Hebrew... [more]
BEULAH בְּעוּלָה f Biblical, Biblical Hebrew, English
Means "married" in Hebrew... [more]
BILHAH בִּלְהָה f Biblical
Means "bashful" in Hebrew... [more]
BITHIAH בִּתְיָה f Biblical
Means "daughter of YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
BOAZ בֹּעַז m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "swiftness" in Hebrew... [more]
BUZ בּוּז m Biblical
Means "contempt" in Hebrew... [more]
CAIAPHAS m Biblical
Meaning unknown, probably of Aramaic origin... [more]
CAIN קָיִן m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Means "acquired" in Hebrew... [more]
CAINAN קֵינָן m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Variant of KENAN
CALEB כָּלֵב m English, Biblical
Means "dog" in Hebrew... [more]
CANAAN כְּנַעַן m Biblical
Meaning unknown... [more]
CANDACE f English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the hereditary title of the queens of Ethiopia, as mentioned in Acts in the New Testament... [more]
CARMEL כַּרְמֶל f English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the title of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of Carmel... [more]
CARMI כַּרְמִי m Biblical
Means "vine" in Hebrew... [more]
CARPUS Καρπος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latin form of the Greek name Καρπος (Karpos), which meant "fruit, profits"... [more]
CEPHAS Κηφας m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Means "rock" in Aramaic... [more]
CHENANIAH כְּנַנְיָהוּ m Biblical
Variant of KENANIAH used in several translations of the Old Testament.
CHLOE Χλοη f English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek, Ancient Greek, Greek Mythology
Means "green shoot" in Greek... [more]
CLAUDIA f English, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Biblical, Ancient Roman
Feminine form of CLAUDIUS... [more]
CLEOPAS Κλεοπας m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Shortened form of the Greek name Κλεοπατρος (Kleopatros) (see CLEOPATRA)... [more]
CLEOPHAS m Biblical
Form of CLOPAS used in several versions of the New Testament.
CLOPAS m Biblical
Meaning unknown, probably of Aramaic origin... [more]
CORNELIUS m Ancient Roman, English, Dutch, German, Biblical
Roman family name which possibly derives from the Latin element cornu "horn"... [more]
CYRUS Κυρος m English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Ancient Greek (Latinized)
From Κυρος (Kyros), the Greek form of the Persian name Kūrush, which may mean "far sighted" or "young"... [more]
DAMARIS Δαμαρις f Biblical, Biblical Greek
Means "calf" in Greek... [more]
DAN (1) דָּן m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "he judged" in Hebrew... [more]
DANIEL Δανιηλ m English, Hebrew, French, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Polish, Czech, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovene, Croatian, Macedonian, Armenian, Biblical, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name דָּנִיֵּאל (Daniyyel) meaning "God is my judge"... [more]
DARIUS m English, Lithuanian, Biblical, Biblical Latin
Roman form of Δαρειος (Dareios), which was the Greek form of the Persian name Dārayavahush, which was composed of the elements dâraya "to possess" and vahu "good"... [more]
DATHAN דָּתָן m Biblical
Possibly means "fountain" in Hebrew... [more]
DAVID דָּוִד m English, Hebrew, French, Scottish, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, Czech, Slovene, Russian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name דָּוִד (Dawid), which was probably derived from Hebrew דוד (dwd) meaning "beloved"... [more]
DEBORAH דְּבוֹרָה f English, Hebrew, Biblical
Means "bee" in Hebrew... [more]
DELAIAH דְּלָיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH has drawn" in Hebrew... [more]
DELILAH דְּלִילָה f Biblical, Biblical Hebrew, English
Means "delicate, weak, languishing" in Hebrew... [more]
DIKLAH דִּקְלָה m & f Hebrew, Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Possibly means "palm grove" in Hebrew or Aramaic... [more]
DINAH דִּינָה f Biblical, Biblical Hebrew, English
Means "judged" in Hebrew... [more]
DIONYSIUS Διονυσιος m Ancient Greek (Latinized), Biblical
Latin form of DIONYSIOS... [more]
DORCAS f Biblical
Derived from Greek δορκας (dorkas) meaning "gazelle"... [more]
DRUSILLA f Biblical, Ancient Roman, Biblical Latin
Feminine diminutive of the Roman family name DRUSUS... [more]
EBENEZER אֶבֶן הָעָזֶר m Biblical
Means "stone of help" in Hebrew... [more]
EDER (1) עֵדֶר m Biblical
Means "flock" in Hebrew... [more]
EDNA (2) עֶדְנָה f Biblical
Means "pleasure" in Hebrew... [more]
EDOM אֱדוֹם m Biblical
Means "red" in Hebrew... [more]
EFRAIM אֶפְרָיִם m Hebrew, Biblical
Variant of EPHRAIM
EHUD אֵהוּד m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "united" in Hebrew... [more]
ELAM עֵילָם m Biblical
Possibly means "hidden" in Hebrew... [more]
ELDAD אֵלְדָד m Biblical
Means "God has loved" in Hebrew... [more]
ELEAZAR Ελεαζαρ m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name אֶלְעָזָר ('El'azar) meaning "my God has helped"... [more]
ELI (1) Ηλι m English, Hebrew, Biblical, Biblical Greek, Biblical Hebrew
Means "ascension" in Hebrew... [more]
ELIAKIM אֶלְיָקִים m Biblical
Means "God rises" in Hebrew... [more]
ELIEZER Ελιεζερ m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From Hebrew אֱלִיעֶזֶר ('Eli'ezer) meaning "my God is help"... [more]
ELIHU אֶלִיהוּא m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew, English (Archaic)
Means "my God is YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
ELIJAH אֱלִיָּהוּ m English, Hebrew, Biblical
From the Hebrew name אֱלִיָּהוּ ('Eliyyahu) meaning "my God is YAHWEH"... [more]
ELIOENAI אֶלְיוֹעֵינַי m Biblical
Means "my eyes look to God" in Hebrew... [more]
ELIPHALET אֱלִיפָלֶט m Biblical
Variant of ELIPHELET used in some versions of the Old Testament to refer to the son of David.
ELIPHELET אֱלִיפֶלֶט m Biblical
Means "God is release" in Hebrew... [more]
ELISABETH f German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
German and Dutch form of ELIZABETH... [more]
ELISHA אֱלִישַׁע m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
From the Hebrew name אֱלִישַׁע ('Elisha'), a contracted form of אֱלִישׁוּעַ ('Elishu'a) meaning "my God is salvation"... [more]
ELISHEBA אֱלִישֶׁבַע f Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Original Hebrew form of ELIZABETH... [more]
ELIUD m Biblical
Greek form of a Hebrew name meaning "God is grandeur"... [more]
ELIZABETH f English, Biblical
From Ελισαβετ (Elisabet), the Greek form of the Hebrew name אֱלִישֶׁבַע ('Elisheva') meaning "my God is an oath" or perhaps "my God is abundance"... [more]
ELKANAH אֱלְקָנָה m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "God has purchased" in Hebrew... [more]
ELNATHAN אֱלְנָתָן m Biblical
Means "God has given" in Hebrew... [more]
ELON אֵילוֹן m Biblical
Means "oak" in Hebrew... [more]
EMMANUEL עִמָּנוּאֵל m Biblical, French, English
From the Hebrew name עִמָּנוּאֵל ('Immanu'el) meaning "God is with us"... [more]
ENOCH Ενωχ m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name חֲנוֹך (Chanokh) meaning "dedicated"... [more]
ENOS Ενως m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Form of ENOSH used in many versions of the Old Testament.
ENOSH אֱנוֹשׁ m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "human being" in Hebrew... [more]
EPAPHRAS Επαφρας m Biblical, Ancient Greek, Biblical Greek, Biblical Latin
Derived from Greek επαφρος (epaphros) meaning "foamy"... [more]
EPHRAIM Εφραιμ m Biblical, Jewish, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name אֶפְרָיִם ('Efrayim) which meant "fruitful"... [more]
EPHRATH Εφραθ f Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Means "fruitful place" in Hebrew... [more]
ERAN עֵירָן m Biblical
Means "watchful, vigilant" in Hebrew... [more]
ERASTUS Εραστος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of the Greek name Εραστος (Erastos) meaning "beloved"... [more]
ESAU Ησαυ m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name עֵשָׂו ('Esaw) which possibly meant "hairy"... [more]
ESDRAS Εσδρας m Biblical, Biblical Greek
Greek form of EZRA... [more]
ESTHER Εσθηρ f English, French, Spanish, Dutch, Jewish, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Possibly means "star" in Persian... [more]
ETHAN אֵיתָן m English, Jewish, French, Biblical, Biblical Latin
Means "solid, enduring" in Hebrew... [more]
EUNICE Ευνικη f Biblical, English, Ancient Greek (Latinized)
Latinized form of the Greek name Ευνικη (Eunike) which meant "good victory"... [more]
EUTYCHUS Ευτυχος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of the Greek name Ευτυχος (Eutychos), which was derived from Greek ευτυχης (eutyches) "fortunate"... [more]
EVE חַוָּה f English, French, Biblical
From the Hebrew name חַוָּה (Chawwah), which was derived from the Hebrew word חוה (chawah) "to breathe" or the related word חיה (chayah) "to live"... [more]
EZAR m Biblical
Variant of EZER
EZEKIEL יְחֶזְקֵאל m Biblical, English
From the Hebrew name יְחֶזְקֵאל (Yechezqel) meaning "God strengthens"... [more]
EZER אֵצֶר m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "help" in Hebrew... [more]
EZRA עֶזְרָא m Biblical, English, Hebrew
Means "help" in Hebrew... [more]
FELIX m German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, English, Romanian, Ancient Roman, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From a Roman cognomen meaning "lucky, successful" in Latin... [more]
FESTUS m Ancient Roman, Biblical Latin, Biblical
Roman cognomen which possibly meant "festival, holiday" in Latin... [more]
GABRIEL Γαβριηλ m French, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, English, Romanian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name גַבְרִיאֵל (Gavri'el) meaning "strong man of God"... [more]
GAD גָּד m Biblical
Means "fortune" in Hebrew... [more]
GAMALIEL גַּמְלִיאֵל m Biblical
Means "benefit of God" in Hebrew... [more]
GEDALIAH גְּדַלְיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH is great" in Hebrew... [more]
GEMARIAH גְּמַרְיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH has accomplished" in Hebrew... [more]
GERA גֵּרָא m Biblical
Possibly means "a grain" in Hebrew... [more]
GERSHOM גֵּרְשֹׁם m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Probably means "exile" in Hebrew, though the Bible explains that it derives from גֵּר שָׁם (ger sham) meaning "a stranger there"... [more]
GERSHON גֵּרְשׁוֹן m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Variant of GERSHOM... [more]
GETHSEMANE f Biblical
From Γεθσημανι (Gethsemani), the Greek form of an Aramaic place name meaning "oil vat"... [more]
GIDEON גִּדְעוֹן m Biblical, English, Hebrew
Means "feller" or "hewer" in Hebrew... [more]
GILEAD גִּלְעָד m Biblical
From an Old Testament place name meaning "monument of testimony" in Hebrew... [more]
GOLIATH גָּלְיָת m Biblical
Possibly means "uncovered" in Hebrew... [more]
GOMER גֹּמֶר m & f Biblical
Means "complete" in Hebrew... [more]
HABAKKUK חֲבַקּוּק m Biblical
From the Hebrew name חֲבַקּוּק (Chavaqquq) meaning "embrace"... [more]
HADASSAH הֲדַסָּה f Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "myrtle tree" in Hebrew... [more]
HAGAR הָגָר f Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Possibly means "flight" in Hebrew, though it could also be of unknown Egyptian origin... [more]
HAGGAI חַגַּי m Biblical
Means "festive" in Hebrew... [more]
HAGGITH חַגִּית f Biblical
Means "festive" in Hebrew... [more]
HAM חָם m Biblical
Means "hot, warm" in Hebrew... [more]
HANAN (1) חָנָן m Biblical
Means "gracious" in Hebrew... [more]
HANANIAH חֲנַנְיָה m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH is gracious" in Hebrew... [more]
HANNAH חַנָּה f English, Hebrew, French, German, Dutch, Biblical
From the Hebrew name חַנָּה (Channah) meaning "favour" or "grace"... [more]
HARAN הָרָן m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Possibly means "hill, mountain" in Hebrew... [more]
HAVILAH חֲוִילָה f & m Biblical
Means "stretch of sand" in Hebrew... [more]
HAZAEL חֲזָאֵל m Biblical
Means "God sees" in Hebrew... [more]
HEBER (2) חֶבֶר m Biblical
Means "enclave" in Hebrew... [more]
HELAH חֶלְאָה f Biblical
Means "rust" in Hebrew... [more]
HELI (1) m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latin form of ELI (1) used in the Old and New Testament... [more]
HEPHZIBAH חֶפְצִי־בָּה f Biblical
Means "my delight is in her" in Hebrew... [more]
HEPZIBAH חֶפְצִי־בָּה f Biblical
Variant of HEPHZIBAH
HEROD ‘Ηρωιδης m Biblical
From the Greek name ‘Ηρωιδης (Heroides), which probably means "song of the hero" from ‘ηρως (heros) "hero, warrior" combined with ωιδης (oides) "song, ode"... [more]
HERODION ‘Ηρωδιων m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek, Ancient Greek
Diminutive of the Greek name Heroides (see HEROD)... [more]
HEZEKIAH חִזְקִיָהוּ m Biblical
From the Hebrew name חִזְקִיָהוּ (Chizqiyahu), which means "YAHWEH strengthens"... [more]
HILLEL הִלֵּל m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Derived from Hebrew הלל (halal) meaning "praise"... [more]
HIRAH חִירָה m Biblical
Means "splendour" in Hebrew... [more]
HIRAM חִירָם m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew, English
Probably of Phoenician origin, though it could be from Hebrew meaning "exalted brother"... [more]
HIZKIAH חִזְקִיָהוּ m Biblical
Alternate form of the Hebrew name Chizqiyahu (see HEZEKIAH).
HODIAH הוֹדִיָה f Biblical
Means "majesty of YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
HOSANNA f Biblical
From the Aramaic religious expression הושע נא (Hosha' na') meaning "deliver us" in Hebrew... [more]
HOSEA הוֹשֵׁעַ m Biblical
Variant transcription of Hoshe'a (see HOSHEA)... [more]
HOSHEA הוֹשֵׁעַ m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
From the Hebrew name הוֹשֵׁעַ (Hoshe'a) meaning "salvation"... [more]
HULDA (2) חוּלְדָה f Biblical
Variant of HULDAH
HULDAH חוּלְדָה f Biblical
Means "weasel, mole" in Hebrew... [more]
HURI חוּרִי m Biblical
Means "linen weaver" in Hebrew... [more]
ICHABOD אִיכָבוֹד m Biblical
Means "no glory" in Hebrew... [more]
IMMANUEL עִמָּנוּאֵל m German, Hebrew, Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Form of EMMANUEL used in most translations of the Old Testament... [more]
IRA (1) עִירָא m Biblical, English, Hebrew
Means "watchful" in Hebrew... [more]
ISAAC יִצְחָק m English, Jewish, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name יִצְחָק (Yitzchaq) which meant "he laughs"... [more]
ISAIAH יְשַׁעְיָהוּ m English, Jewish, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יְשַׁעְיָהוּ (Yesha'yahu) meaning "YAHWEH is salvation"... [more]
ISAIAS m Biblical
Late Latin form of ISAIAH used in some versions of the Bible.
ISCAH יִסְכָּה f Biblical
From the Hebrew name יִסְכָּה (Yiskah) which meant "to behold"... [more]
ISHMAEL יִשְׁמָעֵאל m Biblical
From the Hebrew name יִשְׁמָעֵאל (Yishma'el) meaning "God will hear"... [more]
ISHMERAI יִשְׁמְרַי m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH guards" in Hebrew... [more]
ISHVI יִשְׁוִי m Biblical
Means "he resembles me" in Hebrew... [more]
ISRAEL Ισραηλ m Jewish, English, Biblical, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisra'el) meaning "God contended"... [more]
ISSACHAR יִשָּׂשׁכָר m Biblical
Means "hireling" in Hebrew... [more]
ITHAI אִתַּי, אִיתַי m Biblical
From a Hebrew name spelled variously אִתַּי ('Ittay) or אִיתַי ('Itay) meaning "with me"... [more]
ITHAMAR Ιθαμαρ m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name אִיתָמָר ('Itamar) meaning "palm island"... [more]
ITHIEL אִיתִיאֵל m Biblical
Means "God is with me" in Hebrew... [more]
ITTAI אִתַּי, אִיתַי m Biblical
Variant of ITHAI
IVAH עִוָּה f Biblical
From the name of a district of Babylon, mentioned in the Old Testament.
JAALA יַעֲלָה m Biblical
Means "wild goat" in Hebrew... [more]
JAASAU יַעֲשָׂי m Biblical
Means "they will do" in Hebrew... [more]
JABEZ יַעְבֵץ m Biblical
Means "sorrow" in Hebrew... [more]
JABIN יָבִין m Biblical
Means "perceptive" in Hebrew... [more]
JACHIN יָכִין m Biblical
Means "he establishes" in Hebrew... [more]
JACOB יַעֲקֹב m English, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Biblical
From the Latin Iacobus, which was from the Greek Ιακωβος (Iakobos), which was from the Hebrew name יַעֲקֹב (Ya'aqov)... [more]
JADA (2) יָדָע m Biblical
Means "he knows" in Hebrew. In the Old Testament, Jada is a son of Onam.
JADON יָדוֹן m Biblical
Possibly means either "thankful" or "he will judge" in Hebrew... [more]
JAEL יָעֵל f Biblical
From the Hebrew name יָעֵל (Ya'el) meaning "mountain goat"... [more]
JAHEL f Biblical
Variant of JAEL
JAHLEEL יַחְלְאֵל m Biblical
Means "God waits" in Hebrew... [more]
JAHZEEL יַחְצְאֵל m Biblical
Means "God apportions" in Hebrew... [more]
JAIR יָאִיר m Biblical
Means "he shines" in Hebrew... [more]
JAIRUS m Biblical
From Ιαιρος (Iairos), the Greek form of JAIR used in the New Testament, where it belongs to the father of a young girl brought back to life by Jesus.
JAMES m English, Biblical
English form of the Late Latin name Iacomus which was derived from Ιακωβος (Iakobos), the New Testament Greek form of the Hebrew name Ya'aqov (see JACOB)... [more]
JAMIN יָמִין m Biblical
Means "right hand" in Hebrew... [more]
JAPHETH יֶפֶת m Biblical
From the Hebrew name יֶפֶת (Yefet) meaning "enlarged"... [more]
JARAH יֲעְרָה m Biblical
Means "honeycomb" and "honeysuckle" in Hebrew... [more]
JARED יָרֶד, יֶרֶד m English, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יָרֶד (Yared) or יֶרֶד (Yered) meaning "descent"... [more]
JASON Ιασων m English, French, Greek Mythology (Anglicized), Biblical
From the Greek name Ιασων (Iason), which was derived from Greek ιασθαι (iasthai) "to heal"... [more]
JAVAN יָוָן m Biblical
Means "Greece" in Hebrew... [more]
JEDIDAH יְדִידָה f Biblical
Means "beloved" in Hebrew... [more]
JEDIDIAH יְדִידְיָה m Biblical
Means "beloved of YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
JEHIEL יְחִיאֵל m Biblical
Means "God lives" in Hebrew... [more]
JEHOASH יְהוֹאָשׁ m Biblical
From the Hebrew name יְהוֹאָשׁ (Yeho'ash), an extended form of יוֹאָשׁ (Yo'ash) (see JOASH)... [more]
JEHOIACHIN יְהוֹיָכִין m Biblical
Means "established by YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
JEHOIAKIM יְהוֹיָקִים m Biblical
Means "raised by YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
JEHONATHAN יְהוֹנָתָן m Biblical
From the Hebrew name יְהוֹנָתָן (Yehonatan), the full form of JONATHAN... [more]
JEHORAM יְהוֹרָם m Biblical
From the Hebrew name יְהוֹרָם (Yehoram) which meant "exalted by YAHWEH"... [more]
JEHOSHAPHAT יְהוֹשָׁפָט m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH has judged" in Hebrew... [more]
JEHU יְהוּא m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH is he" in Hebrew... [more]
JEHUDI יְהוּדִי m Biblical
Means "Jew" in Hebrew... [more]
JEMIMA יְמִימָה f Biblical, English
Means "dove" in Hebrew... [more]
JEPHTHA יִפְתַח m Biblical
Variant of JEPHTHAH
JEPHTHAH יִפְתַח m Biblical
Means "he opens" in Hebrew... [more]
JEREMIAH יִרְמְיָהוּ m English, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יִרְמְיָהוּ (Yirmiyahu) which meant "YAHWEH has uplifted"... [more]
JEREMIEL m Biblical
Means "God uplifts" in Hebrew... [more]
JEREMY m English, Biblical
Medieval English form of JEREMIAH, and the form used in some versions of the New Testament.
JERIAH יְרִיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "taught by YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
JERICHO יְרֵחוֹ m Biblical
From the name of a city in Israel which is mentioned several times in the Old Testament... [more]
JERUSHA יְרוּשָׁה f Biblical
Means "possession" in Hebrew... [more]
JESCHA f Biblical
Form of ISCAH found in the medieval Wycliffe Bible... [more]
JESSE יִשַׁי m English, Dutch, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יִשַׁי (Yishay) which possibly means "gift"... [more]
JESUS m Theology, Biblical
English form of Ιησους (Iesous), which was the Greek form of the Aramaic name יֵשׁוּעַ (Yeshu'a)... [more]
JETHRO יִתְרוֹ m Biblical
From the Hebrew name יִתְרוֹ (Yitro), which was derived from the Hebrew word יֶתֶר (yeter) meaning "abundance"... [more]
JEZEBEL אִיזֶבֶל f Biblical
From the Hebrew אִיזֶבֶל ('Izevel) which meant "not exalted"... [more]
JOAB יוֹאָב m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH is father" in Hebrew... [more]
JOANNA f English, Polish, Biblical
English and Polish form of Latin Iohanna, which was derived from Greek Ιωαννα (Ioanna), the feminine form of Ioannes (see JOHN)... [more]
JOASH יוֹאָשׁ m Biblical
From the Hebrew name יוֹאָשׁ (Yo'ash) which possibly meant either "fire of YAHWEH" or "YAHWEH has given"... [more]
JOB אִיּוֹב m Biblical, Dutch
From the Hebrew name אִיּוֹב ('Iyyov) which means "persecuted, hated"... [more]
JOCHEBED יוֹכֶבֶד f Biblical
From the Hebrew name יוֹכֶבֶד (Yokheved) which meant "YAHWEH is glory"... [more]
JOEL יוֹאֵל m English, Swedish, Finnish, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יוֹאֵל (Yo'el) meaning "YAHWEH is God"... [more]
JOHN m English, Biblical
English form of Iohannes, the Latin form of the Greek name Ιωαννης (Ioannes), itself derived from the Hebrew name יוֹחָנָן (Yochanan) meaning "YAHWEH is gracious"... [more]
JOKTAN יָקְטָן m Biblical
Means "small" in Hebrew... [more]
JONAH יוֹנָה m English, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יוֹנָה (Yonah) meaning "dove"... [more]
JONAS (2) m Biblical, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, German, Dutch
From Ιωνας (Ionas), the Greek form of JONAH, which is used in some translations of the New Testament.
Next Page >
NAVIGATION
Aaron ⇔ Jonas
Jonathan ⇔ Zuriel
GENDER
All
Masculine
Feminine
Unisex
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Biblical Names
These names occur in the English Bible. See also about biblical names.
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JONATHAN יוֹנָתָן m English, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, French, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יְהוֹנָתָן (Yehonatan) (contracted to יוֹנָתָן (Yonatan)) meaning "YAHWEH has given"... [more]
JORAM יוֹרָם m Biblical
Contracted form of Yehoram (see JEHORAM)... [more]
JOSAPHAT m Biblical
Contracted form of JEHOSHAPHAT used in some English versions of the New Testament.
JOSEPH יוֹסֵף m English, French, German, Biblical
From Ioseph, the Latin form of Greek Ιωσηφ (Ioseph), which was from the Hebrew name יוֹסֵף (Yosef) meaning "he will add"... [more]
JOSES Ιωσης m Biblical
From Ιωσης (Ioses), a Greek variant of JOSEPH used in the New Testament to distinguish Joseph the brother of James from the many other characters of that name.
JOSHUA יְהוֹשֻׁעַ m English, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshu'a) meaning "YAHWEH is salvation"... [more]
JOSIAH יֹאשִׁיָהוּ m Biblical, English
Means "YAHWEH supports" in Hebrew... [more]
JOSIAS m Biblical
Latinized form of JOSIAH used in some English versions of the Old Testament.
JOTHAM יוֹתָם m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH is upright" in Hebrew... [more]
JUBAL יוּבָל m Biblical
Means "stream" in Hebrew... [more]
JUDAH יְהוּדָה m Biblical
From the Hebrew name יְהוּדָה (Yehudah) which meant "praised"... [more]
JUDAS m Biblical
From Ιουδας (Ioudas), the Greek form of JUDAH... [more]
JUDE m English, Biblical
Variant of JUDAS... [more]
JUDITH יְהוּדִית f English, Jewish, French, German, Spanish, Biblical
From the Hebrew name יְהוּדִית (Yehudit) meaning "woman from Judea", Judea being an ancient region in Israel... [more]
JULIA f English, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, Spanish, Polish, Finnish, Ancient Roman, Biblical
Feminine form of JULIUS... [more]
JUNIA f Biblical, Ancient Roman
Feminine form of JUNIUS... [more]
KANDAKE Κανδακη f Biblical, Biblical Greek
Biblical Greek form of CANDACE
KENAN קֵינָן m Biblical
Possibly means "possession" in Hebrew... [more]
KENANIAH כְּנַנְיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH establishes" in Hebrew... [more]
KEREN-HAPPUCH קֶרֶן הַפּוּך f Biblical
Means "horn of eyeshadow" in Hebrew... [more]
KETURAH קְטוּרָה f Biblical
Means "incense" in Hebrew... [more]
KEZIA קְצִיעָה f Biblical
Variant of KEZIAH
KEZIAH קְצִיעָה f Biblical
From the Hebrew name קְצִיעָה (Qetzi'ah) meaning "cassia", from the name of the spice tree... [more]
LABAN לָבָן m Biblical
Derived from Hebrew לָבָן (lavan) meaning "white"... [more]
LAEL לָאֵל m Biblical
Means "of God" in Hebrew... [more]
LAMECH לָמֶך m Biblical
Possibly means "to make low" in Hebrew... [more]
LAZARUS Λαζαρος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of Λαζαρος (Lazaros), a Greek form of ELEAZAR used in the New Testament... [more]
LEAH לֵאָה f English, Hebrew, Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
From the Hebrew name לֵאָה (Le'ah) which was probably derived from the Hebrew word לְאָה (le'ah) meaning "weary"... [more]
LEHI לֶחִי m Biblical, Mormon
From an Old Testament place name meaning "jawbone" in Hebrew... [more]
LEMUEL לְמוּאֵל m Biblical, Mormon, Biblical Hebrew
Means "belonging to God" in Hebrew... [more]
LEVI לֵוִי m Hebrew, English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
Means "attached" in Hebrew... [more]
LOIS (1) Λωις f English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Possibly derived from Greek λωιων (loion) meaning "more desirable" or "better"... [more]
LOT לוֹט m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "covering, veil" in Hebrew... [more]
LUCIUS m Ancient Roman, Biblical, English
Roman praenomen, or given name, which was derived from Latin lux "light"... [more]
LUKE m English, Biblical
English form of the Greek name Λουκας (Loukas) which meant "from Lucania", Lucania being a region in Italy... [more]
LYDIA Λυδια f English, German, Finnish, Biblical, Old Church Slavic, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Means "from Lydia" in Greek... [more]
MADAI מָדַי m Biblical
Means "Medes" in Hebrew... [more]
MAGDALENE Μαγδαληνη f German, Danish, English, Biblical, Biblical Greek, Biblical Latin
From a title which meant "of Magdala"... [more]
MAHALAH m Biblical
Variant of MAHLAH used in the King James Version of the Old Testament.
MAHALATH מָחֲלַת f Biblical
From the Hebrew name מָחֲלַת (Machalat) meaning "lyre"... [more]
MAHALI m Biblical
Variant of MAHLI
MAHLAH מַחְלָה f & m Biblical
From the Hebrew name מַחְלָה (Machlah), possibly meaning "weak" or "sick"... [more]
MAHLI מַחְלִי m Biblical
From the Hebrew name מַחְלִי (Machliy), possibly meaning "weak" or "sick"... [more]
MALACHI מַלְאָכִי m Hebrew, English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name מַלְאָכִי (Mal'akhiy) meaning "my messenger" or "my angel"... [more]
MANASSEH מְנַשֶּׁה m Biblical
Means "causing to forget" in Hebrew... [more]
MANASSES Μανασσης m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Form of MANASSEH used in the Greek and Latin Bible... [more]
MARA (1) מָרָא f Biblical
Means "bitter" in Hebrew... [more]
MARK m English, Russian, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Biblical
Form of MARCUS... [more]
MARTHA Μαρθα f English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Greek, Biblical, Old Church Slavic, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From Aramaic מרתא (marta') meaning "lady, mistress"... [more]
MARY f English, Biblical
Usual English form of Maria, which was the Latin form of the New Testament Greek names Μαριαμ (Mariam) and Μαρια (Maria) - the spellings are interchangeable - which were from the Hebrew name מִרְיָם (Miryam)... [more]
MATTAN מַתָּן m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "gift" in Hebrew... [more]
MATTANIAH מַתַּנְיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "gift of YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
MATTHAN Ματθαν m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Form of MATTAN used in the Greek and Latin Old Testament... [more]
MATTHEW m English, Biblical
English form of Ματθαιος (Matthaios), which was a Greek form of the Hebrew name מַתִּתְיָהוּ (Mattityahu) meaning "gift of YAHWEH"... [more]
MATTHIAS Ματθιας m Greek, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, French, Dutch, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Variant of Matthaios (see MATTHEW) which appears in the New Testament as the name of the apostle chosen to replace the traitor Judas Iscariot... [more]
MEDAD מֵידָד m Biblical
Means "love" in Hebrew... [more]
MEHETABEL מְהֵיטַבְאֵל f Biblical
From the Hebrew name מְהֵיטַבְאֵל (Meheitav'el) meaning "God makes happy"... [more]
MEHITABEL f Biblical
Variant of MEHETABEL
MELECH מֶלֶך m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "king" in Hebrew... [more]
MENAHEM מְנַחֵם m Biblical, Hebrew
From the Hebrew name מְנַחֵם (Menachem) meaning "comforter"... [more]
MERAB מֵרַב f Biblical
Means "abundant" in Hebrew... [more]
MERARI מְרָרִי m Biblical
Means "bitter" in Hebrew... [more]
MESHACH מֵישַׁך m Biblical
Possibly means "who is what Aku is?" in Akkadian, Aku being the name of the Babylonian god of the moon... [more]
MESHULLAM מְשֻׁלָּם m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means either "paid for" or "friend" in Hebrew... [more]
METHUSELAH מְתוּשֶׁלַח m Biblical
Means "man of the dart" in Hebrew... [more]
MICAH מִיכָה m Biblical, English
Contracted fo
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MICAIAH מִיכָיְהוּ m & f Biblical
Means "who is like YAHWEH?" in Hebrew... [more]
MICAJAH מִיכָיְהוּ m Biblical
Variant of MICAIAH
MICHAEL Μιχαηλ m English, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, Czech, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name מִיכָאֵל (Mikha'el) meaning "who is like God?"... [more]
MICHAL (2) מִיכַל f Biblical, Hebrew
Possibly means "brook" in Hebrew... [more]
MILKA (2) מִלְכָּה f Biblical
Means "queen" in Hebrew... [more]
MIRIAM מִרְיָם f Hebrew, English, German, Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Original Hebrew form of MARY... [more]
MNASON Μνασων m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek, Ancient Greek
Possibly means "reminding" in Greek... [more]
MOAB מוֹאָב m Biblical
Means "of his father" in Hebrew... [more]
MORDECAI מָרְדֳּכַי m Biblical, Hebrew
Means "servant of MARDUK" in Persian... [more]
MORIAH מֹרִיָה f Biblical, Biblical Hebrew, English (Modern)
Possibly means "seen by YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
MOSES מֹשֶׁה m English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name מֹשֶׁה (Mosheh) which is most likely derived from Egyptian mes meaning "son", but could also possibly mean "deliver" in Hebrew... [more]
NAAMAH נַעֲמָה f Biblical, Hebrew
Means "pleasant" in Hebrew... [more]
NADAB Ναδαβ m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Means "generous" in Hebrew... [more]
NAHOR נָחוֹר m Biblical
Means "snorting" in Hebrew... [more]
NAHUM נַחוּם m Biblical
Means "comforter" in Hebrew... [more]
NAOMI (1) נָעֳמִי f English, Hebrew, Biblical
From the Hebrew name נָעֳמִי (Na'omiy) meaning "pleasantness"... [more]
NAPHTALI נַפְתָלִי m Biblical
Means "wrestling" in Hebrew... [more]
NARCISSUS Ναρκισσος m Greek Mythology (Latinized), Late Roman, Biblical
Latinized form of Greek Ναρκισσος (Narkissos), possibly derived from ναρκη (narke) meaning "sleep, numbness"... [more]
NATHAN Ναθαν m English, French, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Means "he gave" in Hebrew... [more]
NATHANAEL Ναθαναηλ m Biblical, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name נְתַנְאֵל (Netan'el) meaning "God has given"... [more]
NATHANIEL m English, Biblical
Variant of NATHANAEL... [more]
NEHEMIAH נְחֶמְיָה m Biblical
Means "comforted by YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
NEKODA נְקוֹדָא m Biblical
Means "marked" in Hebrew... [more]
NEREUS Νηρευς m Greek Mythology, Ancient Greek, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Derived from Greek νηρος (neros) meaning "water"... [more]
NERIAH נֵרִיָה m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "lamp of YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
NETHANEL נְתַנְאֵל m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Hebrew form of NATHANAEL used in the Old Testament.
NETHANIAH נְתַנְיָהוּ m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH has given" in Hebrew... [more]
NICODEMUS Νικοδημος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the Greek name Νικοδημος (Nikodemos) which meant "victory of the people" from Greek νικη (nike) "victory" and δημος (demos) "the people"... [more]
NIMROD נִמְרֹד m Biblical
Meaning unknown, possibly of Akkadian origin or possibly meaning "rebel" in Hebrew... [more]
NOA (1) נוֹעָה f Hebrew, Biblical
Hebrew form of NOAH (2)
NOAH (1) נוֹחַ m English, Biblical
Derived from the Hebrew name נוֹחַ (Noach) meaning "rest, comfort"... [more]
NOAH (2) נוֹעָה f Biblical
Derived from the Hebrew name נוֹעָה (No'ah) meaning "motion"... [more]
NOGAH נֹגַה m & f Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "brightness" in Hebrew... [more]
OBADIAH עֹבַדְיָה m Biblical
Means "servant of YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
OBED עוֹבֵד m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Means "servant, worshipper" in Hebrew... [more]
ODED עֹדֵד m Biblical
Means "to restore" in Hebrew... [more]
OHAD אֹהַד m Biblical
Means "united" in Hebrew... [more]
OMAR (2) אוֹמָר m Biblical
Means "speaker" in Hebrew... [more]
OMRI עָמְרִי m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "my sheaf" in Hebrew... [more]
ONESIMUS Ονησιμος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of the Greek name Ονησιμος (Onesimos), which meant "beneficial, profitable"... [more]
ONESIPHORUS Ονησιφορος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of the Greek name Ονησιφορος (Onesiphoros), which meant "bringing advantage, beneficial"... [more]
OPHIR אוֹפִיר m Biblical
Meaning unknown... [more]
OPHRAH עָפְרָה m Biblical
Means "fawn" in Hebrew... [more]
ORPAH עָרְפָּה f Biblical
Means "back of the neck" in Hebrew... [more]
ORPHA f Biblical, English
Variant of ORPAH used in some translations of the Bible.
OSHEA הוֹשֵׁעַ m Biblical
Variant of HOSHEA used in some versions of the Bible.
OTHNIEL עָתְנִיאֵל m Biblical
Means "lion of God" in Hebrew... [more]
PALLU פַּלּוּא m Biblical
Means "distinguished" in Hebrew... [more]
PAUL m English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Romanian, Biblical
From the Roman family name Paulus, which meant "small" or "humble" in Latin... [more]
PELEG פֶּלֶג m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew
Means "division, channel" in Hebrew. In the Old Testament he is the son of Eber.
PENINNAH פְּנִנָּה f Biblical
Means "precious stone" in Hebrew... [more]
PENUEL פְנוּאֵל m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "face of God" in Hebrew... [more]
PERSIS f Biblical
Greek name meaning "Persian woman"... [more]
PETER m English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Slovene, Slovak, Biblical
Derived from the Greek Πετρος (Petros) meaning "stone"... [more]
PHANUEL Φανουηλ m Biblical, Judeo-Christian Legend
Form of PENUEL used in the New Testament, where it is borne by the father of Anna the prophetess... [more]
PHEBE f English, Biblical
Variant of PHOEBE used in some translations of the New Testament.
PHILEMON m Biblical
Means "affectionate" in Greek... [more]
PHILETUS m Biblical
Means "beloved" in Greek... [more]
PHILIP m English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, Biblical
From the Greek name Φιλιππος (Philippos) which means "friend of horses", composed of the elements φιλος (philos) "friend" and ‘ιππος (hippos) "horse"... [more]
PHINEAS m Biblical
Variant of PHINEHAS used in some versions of the Bible.
PHINEHAS פִּינְחָס m Biblical
Probably means "Nubian" from the Egyptian name Panhsj, though some believe it means "serpent's mouth" in Hebrew... [more]
PHOEBE Φοιβη f English, Greek Mythology (Latinized), Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of the Greek name Φοιβη (Phoibe), which meant "bright, pure" from Greek φοιβος (phoibos)... [more]
PONTIUS m Ancient Roman, Biblical
Roman family name possibly derived from the name of the ancient province of Pontus in Asia Minor, itself probably derived from Greek ποντος (pontos) "sea"... [more]
PRISCA f Biblical, Dutch, Ancient Roman, Biblical Latin
Feminine form of Priscus, a Roman family name which meant "ancient" in Latin... [more]
PRISCILLA f English, Italian, Ancient Roman, Biblical Latin, Biblical
Roman name, a diminutive of PRISCA... [more]
PROCHORUS Προχορος m Biblical, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of the Greek name Προχορος (Prochoros) which meant "leader of the dance"... [more]
RACHEL Ραχηλ f English, Hebrew, French, German, Dutch, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek, Biblical Hebrew
From the Hebrew name רָחֵל (Rachel) meaning "ewe"... [more]
RAHAB רָחָב f Biblical
Means "spacious" in Hebrew... [more]
RAM (1) רָם m Biblical
Means "exalted" in Hebrew. This was a son of Hezron in the Old Testament.
RAPHAEL Ραφαηλ m German, French, English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From the Hebrew name רָפָאֵל (Rafa'el) which meant "God has healed"... [more]
REBECCA רִבְקָה f English, Italian, Swedish, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name רִבְקָה (Rivqah), possibly meaning "a snare" in Hebrew, or perhaps derived from an Aramaic name... [more]
REBEKAH רִבְקָה f Biblical, English
Form of REBECCA used in some versions of the Bible.
REHOBOAM רֵחַבְעָם m Biblical
From the Hebrew name רֵחַבְעָם (Rechav'am) meaning "he enlarges the people"... [more]
REUBEN רְאוּבֵן m Biblical, Hebrew, English
Means "behold, a son" in Hebrew... [more]
REUEL רְעוּאֵל m Biblical
Means "friend of God" in Hebrew... [more]
RHODA f Biblical, English
Derived from Greek ‘ροδον (rhodon) meaning "rose"... [more]
RUFUS m Ancient Roman, English, Biblical
Roman cognomen which meant "red-haired" in Latin... [more]
RUTH (1) רוּת f English, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From a Hebrew name which was derived from the Hebrew word רְעוּת (re'ut) meaning "friend"... [more]
SALATHIEL Σαλαθιηλ m Biblical, Biblical Greek
Greek form of SHEALTIEL... [more]
SALOME Σαλωμη f English, German, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From an Aramaic name which was related to the Hebrew word שָׁלוֹם (shalom) meaning "peace"... [more]
SAMSON שִׁמְשׁוֹן m Biblical, English, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name שִׁמְשׁוֹן (Shimshon) which probably meant "sun"... [more]
SAMUEL שְׁמוּאֵל m English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Biblical
From the Hebrew name שְׁמוּאֵל (Shemu'el) which could mean either "name of God" or "God has heard"... [more]
SAPPHIRA f Biblical
From the Greek name Σαπφειρη (Sappheire), which was from Greek σαπφειρος (sappheiros) meaning "sapphire" or "lapis lazuli" (ultimately derived from the Hebrew word סַפִּיר (sappir))... [more]
SARAH שָׂרָה f English, French, German, Hebrew, Arabic, Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "lady" or "princess" in Hebrew... [more]
SARAI שָׂרָי f Biblical
Means "my princess" in Hebrew... [more]
SATAN שָׂטָן m Theology, Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Derived from Hebrew שָׂטָן (satan) meaning "adversary"... [more]
SAUL שָׁאוּל m Biblical, Jewish, Biblical Latin
From the Hebrew name שָׁאוּל (Sha'ul) which meant "asked for" or "prayed for"... [more]
SELA סֶלַע f Biblical
Means "rock" in Hebrew... [more]
SELAH סֶלַה f Biblical
From a Hebrew musical term which occurs many times in the Old Testament Psalms... [more]
SERAIAH שְׂרָיָה m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "YAHWEH is ruler" in Hebrew... [more]
SETH (1) Σηθ m English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Means "placed" or "appointed" in Hebrew... [more]
SHADRACH שַׁדְרַך m Biblical
Means "command of Aku" in Akkadian, Aku being the name of the Babylonian god of the moon... [more]
SHAMGAR שַׁמְגַר m Biblical
Possibly means "sword" in Hebrew. Shamgar was one of the Old Testament judges.
SHARAR שָׁרָר m Biblical
Means "enemy" in Hebrew... [more]
SHEALTIEL שְׁאַלְתִיאֵל m Biblical
Means "I have asked of God" in Hebrew... [more]
SHEBA שְׁבָא m Biblical
Means "oath" in Hebrew... [more]
SHELAH שֵׁלָה m Biblical
Means "petition" in Hebrew... [more]
SHEM שֵׁם m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "name" in Hebrew... [more]
SHEMAIAH שְׁמַעְיָה m Biblical
Means "heard by YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
SHEMER שֶׁמֶר m Biblical
Possibly means "preserved" in Hebrew... [more]
SHERAH שֶׁאֱרָה f Biblical
Means "kinswoman" in Hebrew... [more]
SHILOH שִׁלוֹ, שִׁילֹה m & f Biblical
From an Old Testament place name meaning "tranquil" in Hebrew... [more]
SHIPHRAH שִׁפְרָה f Biblical
Means "beautiful" in Hebrew... [more]
SHULAMITE שׁוּלַמִּית f Biblical
Variant of SHULAMMITE used in some versions of the Bible.
SHULAMMITE שׁוּלַמִּית f Hebrew, Biblical
Derived from Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (shalom) "peace"... [more]
SILAS Σιλας m English, Greek, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Short form of SILVANUS... [more]
SILVANUS m Roman Mythology, Ancient Roman, Biblical, Biblical Latin
Roman name derived from Latin silva "wood, forest"... [more]
SIMEON שִׁמְעוֹן m Biblical, Bulgarian, Macedonian
From the Hebrew name Shim'on (see SIMON)... [more]
SIMON Σιμων m English, French, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, German, Dutch, Hungarian, Slovene, Romanian, Macedonian, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
From Σιμων (Simon), the New Testament Greek form of the Hebrew name שִׁמְעוֹן (Shim'on) which meant "he has heard"... [more]
SOLOMON שְׁלֹמֹה m Biblical, English, Jewish
From the Hebrew name שְׁלֹמֹה (Shelomoh) which was derived from Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (shalom) "peace"... [more]
STEPHEN m English, Biblical
From the Greek name Στεφανος (Stephanos) meaning "crown"... [more]
SUSANNA שׁוֹשַׁנָּה f Italian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian, Dutch, English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Old Church Slavic
From Σουσαννα (Sousanna), the Greek form of the Hebrew name שׁוֹשַׁנָּה (Shoshannah)... [more]
SUSANNAH שׁוֹשַׁנָּה f Biblical
Form of SUSANNA found in some versions of the Old Testament.
SYNTYCHE Συντυχη f Biblical, Biblical Greek, Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek name meaning "common fate"... [more]
TABITHA Ταβιθα f English, Biblical, Biblical Greek
Means "gazelle" in Aramaic... [more]
TALITHA f Biblical
Means "little girl" in Aramaic... [more]
TALMAI תַּלְמַי m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "furrowed" in Hebrew... [more]
TAMAR תָּמָר f Hebrew, Georgian, Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "palm tree" in Hebrew... [more]
TEKOA תְּקוֹעָ m Biblical
Means "stockade" in Hebrew... [more]
TEMAN תֵּימָן m Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "right hand" or "south" in Hebrew... [more]
TERAH תֶּרַח m Biblical
Possibly means "wild goat" or "station" in Hebrew... [more]
THADDAEUS m Biblical
Form of THADDEUS used in most English versions of the New Testament.
THADDEUS m English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
From Θαδδαιος (Thaddaios), the Greek form of the Aramaic name Thaddai... [more]
THEOPHILUS Θεοφιλος m Biblical, Ancient Greek (Latinized)
Latinized form of the Greek name Θεοφιλος (Theophilos) which meant "friend of god", derived from θεος (theos) "god" and φιλος (philos) "friend"... [more]
THOMAS Θωμας m English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Greek, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Greek form of the Aramaic name תָּאוֹמָא (Ta'oma') which meant "twin"... [more]
TIMAEUS Τιμαιος m Ancient Greek (Latinized), Biblical Latin, Biblical
Latinized form of the Greek name Τιμαιος (Timaios) meaning "honour"... [more]
TIMEUS m Biblical
Variant of TIMAEUS
TIMON Τιμων m Ancient Greek, Biblical, Biblical Greek, Biblical Latin
Derived from Greek τιμη (time) meaning "honour, esteem"... [more]
TIMOTHY m English, Biblical
From the Greek name Τιμοθεος (Timotheos) meaning "honouring God", derived from τιμαω (timao) "to honour" and θεος (theos) "god"... [more]
TIRAS תִּירָס m Biblical
Possibly means "desire" in Hebrew... [more]
TIRZAH תִּרְצָה f Biblical
From the Hebrew name תִּרְצָה (Tirtzah) meaning "favourable"... [more]
TITUS m Ancient Roman, English, Biblical, Biblical Latin
Roman praenomen, or given name, which is of unknown meaning, possibly related to Latin titulus "title of honour"... [more]
TOBIAH טוֹבִיָּה m Biblical
From the Hebrew name טוֹבִיָּה (Toviyyah) which meant "YAHWEH is good"... [more]
TOBIAS Τωβιας m Biblical, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, English, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Greek form of TOBIAH... [more]
TRYPHENA f Biblical
From the Greek name Τρυφαινα (Tryphaina), derived from Greek τρυφη (tryphe) meaning "softness, delicacy"... [more]
TRYPHOSA Τρυφωσα f Biblical, Biblical Greek, Ancient Greek
Derived from Greek τρυφη (tryphe) meaning "softness, delicacy"... [more]
URBAN m Danish, Swedish, Polish, Slovene, Biblical, History
From the Latin name Urbanus which meant "city dweller"... [more]
URI אוּרִי m Biblical, Biblical Latin, Hebrew
Means "my light" in Hebrew... [more]
URIAH אוּרִיָה m Biblical
From the Hebrew name אוּרִיָה ('Uriyah) which meant "YAHWEH is my light"... [more]
URIEL אוּרִיאֵל m Biblical, Hebrew
From the Hebrew name אוּרִיאֵל ('Uri'el) which meant "God is my light"... [more]
URIJAH אוּרִיָה m Biblical
Form of URIAH used in some English versions of the Old Testament (for a character in the Book of Jeremiah).
UZZI עֻזִּי m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "my power" in Hebrew... [more]
UZZIAH עֻזִּיָּה m Biblical
Means "my power is YAHWEH" in Hebrew... [more]
UZZIEL עֻזִּיאֵל m Biblical, Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew
Means "my power is God" in Hebrew... [more]
VASHTI וַשְׁתִּי f Biblical
Possibly means "thread" in Hebrew, but it is most likely of Persian origin... [more]
ZACCHAEUS m Biblical
From the Greek form of the Hebrew name זַכָּי (Zakkay) which meant "pure"... [more]
ZACHARIAH m English, Biblical
Variant of ZECHARIAH... [more]
ZACHARIAS Ζαχαριας m Biblical, Biblical Greek
Greek form of ZECHARIAH... [more]
ZADOK צָדוֹק m Biblical
Means "righteous" in Hebrew... [more]
ZALMON צַלְמוֹן m Biblical
Means "shady" in Hebrew... [more]
ZEBADIAH זְבַדְיָה m Biblical
Means "YAHWEH has bestowed" in Hebrew... [more]
ZEBEDEE Ζεβεδαιος m Biblical
From Ζεβεδαιος (Zebedaios), the Greek form of ZEBADIAH used in the New Testament, where it refers to the father of the apostles James and John.
ZEBULON m Biblical
Variant of ZEBULUN
ZEBULUN זְבוּלֻן m Biblical
Means "exaltation" in Hebrew... [more]
ZECHARIAH זְכַרְיָה m Biblical, English
From the Hebrew name זְכַרְיָה (Zekharyah) meaning "YAHWEH remembers"... [more]
ZEDEKIAH צִדְקִיָּהוּ m Biblical
From the Hebrew name צִדְקִיָּהוּ (Tzidqiyyahu) meaning "justice of YAHWEH"... [more]
ZELOPHEHAD צְלָפְחָד m Biblical
Possibly means either "first born" or "shadow from terror" in Hebrew... [more]
ZEPHANIAH צְפַנְיָה m Biblical
From the Hebrew name צְפַנְיָה (Tzefanyah) meaning "YAHWEH has hidden"... [more]
ZIBA (2) צִיבָה m Biblical
Means "station" in Hebrew... [more]
ZIBIAH צִבְיָה f Biblical
Means "roe, deer" in Hebrew... [more]
ZILLAH צִלָּה f Biblical
Means "shade" in Hebrew. In the Old Testament she is the second wife of Lamech.
ZILPAH זִלְפָּה f Biblical, Biblical Hebrew
Means "frailty" in Hebrew... [more]
ZIMRI זִמְרִי m Biblical
Means either "my praise" or "my music" in Hebrew... [more]
ZION צִיוֹן m Jewish, Biblical
From the name of a citadel which was in the center of Jerusalem... [more]
ZIPPORAH צִפּוֹרָה f Biblical, Hebrew
From the Hebrew name צִפּוֹרָה (Tzipporah) which meant "bird"... [more]
ZURIEL צוּרִיאֵל m Biblical
Means "my rock is God" in Hebrew... [more]
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Post by ben on Apr 16, 2013 15:28:21 GMT -5
List of major biblical figures
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Bible is a canonical collection of texts considered sacred in Judaism or Christianity. Different religious groups include different books within their canons, in different orders, and sometimes divide or combine books, or incorporate additional material into canonical books. Christian Bibles range from the sixty-six books of the Protestant canon to the eighty-one books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church canon.
Contents [hide]
1 Hebrew Bible
1.1 Prophets
1.2 Kings
1.3 Priests
1.4 Tribes of Israel
2 New Testament
2.1 Jesus and his relatives
2.2 Christian Apostles of Jesus
2.3 Priests
2.4 Prophets
2.5 Other believers
2.6 Secular rulers
3 See also
4 References
[edit]Hebrew Bible
[hide] v t e
Adam to David according to the Hebrew Bible
Creation to Flood
Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem
Cain line
Adam Cain Enoch Irad Mehujael Methusael Lamech Tubal-cain
Patriarchs after Flood
Arpachshad Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob
Nationhood to Kingship
Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David
[edit]Prophets
[hide] v t e
Prophets in the Hebrew Bible
Pre-Patriarchs (Bible)
Abel Kenan Enoch Noah (rl) Eber
Patriarchs and Matriarchs
Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah
Israelite prophets
in the Torah
Moses (rl) Aaron Miriam Eldad & Medad Phinehas
Prophets mentioned
in the Former Prophets
Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Elijah Elisha Shemaiah Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah
Major Prophets
Isaiah (rl) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel (rl)
Minor Prophets
Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah (rl) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi
Noahide prophets
Beor Balaam Job (rl)
Other prophets
Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther (rl) Oded Azariah
Italics denote that the status as a prophet is not universally accepted. rl are articles dealing with the prophet within Rabbinic Literature.
[edit]Kings
[hide] v t e
Rulers of Ancient Israel
Pre-dynastic
Abimelech
United Monarchy
Saul Ish-boseth David Solomon Rehoboam
Israel (Northern Kingdom)
Jeroboam I Nadab Baasha Elah Zimri Omri Ahab (and Jezebel) Ahaziah Jehoram Jehu Jehoahaz Jehoash Jeroboam II Zechariah Shallum Menahem Pekahiah Pekah Hoshea
Judah (Southern Kingdom)
Rehoboam Abijam Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Jehoash Amaziah Uzziah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jeconiah Zedekiah
Hasmonean dynasty
Simon Maccabaeus John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Hyrcanus II Antigonus II Mattathias
Herodian dynasty
Antipater the Idumaean Herod the Great Archelaus Antipas Philip the Tetrarch Salome I Agrippa I Agrippa II
Italics indicate a disputed reign or non-royal title
[edit]Priests
Aaron
Elazar
Eli
Phinehas
[edit]Tribes of Israel
According to the Book of Genesis, the Israelites were descendants of the sons of Jacob, who was renamed Israel after wrestling with an angel. His twelve male children become the ancestors of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.
Asher
Benjamin
Dan
Gad
Issachar
Joseph, which was split into two tribes descended from his sons:
Tribe of Ephraim
Tribe of Menasheh
Judah
Levi
Naphtali
Reuben
Simeon
Zebulun
[edit]New Testament
[edit]Jesus and his relatives
Jesus
Mary, mother of Jesus
Joseph
Brothers of Jesus
James the Just
[edit]Christian Apostles of Jesus
The Twelve:[1]
Peter (Simon Kefa)
Andrew (Simon's brother)
James son of Zebedee
John son of Zebedee (aka John the Evangelist)
Philip
Bartholomew
Thomas also known as "Doubting Thomas"
Matthew
James son of Alphaeus
Judas son of James (aka Thaddeus or Judas Lebbaeus)
Simon the Canaanite
Judas Iscariot (the traitor)
Others:
Paul[2]
Titus
Matthias[3]
Mary Magdalene
[edit]Priests
Caiaphas, high priest
Annas, first high priest of Roman Judea
Zechariah, father of John the Baptist
[edit]Prophets
Agabus
Anna (Bible)
Simeon (Gospel of Luke)
John the Baptist
[edit]Other believers
Apollos
Aquila
Barnabas
Dionysius the Areopagite
Epaphras, fellow prisoner of Paul (Philemon 1:23), fellow worker (Colossians 4:12-13)
Joseph of Arimathea
Lazarus
Luke
Mark
Martha
Mary Magdalene
Mary, sister of Martha
Nicodemus
Onesimus
Philemon
Priscilla
Silas
Sopater
Stephen, first martyr
Timothy
[edit]Secular rulers
See also: Herod
Herod the Great
Herod Antipas, called "Herod the Tetrarch" or "Herod" in the Gospels and in Acts 4:27
Pontius Pilate
Agrippa I, called "King Herod" or "Herod" in Acts 12
Felix governor of Judea who was present at the trial of Paul, and his wife Drusilla in Acts 24:24
[show] v t e
New Testament people
[edit]See also
Christianity portal
Judaism portal
Bible portal
Bible
List of biblical names - long alphabetical list of names with their meanings
List of Jewish Biblical figures
List of minor Biblical figures - long list of minor figures with brief explanations & Bible references
List of burial places of biblical figures
[edit]References
^ Matthew 10:2-4, Mark 3:16-19, Luke 6:14-16, Acts 1:13
^ Paul is a self-described apostle.Rom 1:1, 1 Cor 1:1, 2 Cor 1:1, Gal 1:1, Eph 1:1, Col 1:1, 1 Tim 1:1, 2 Tim 1:1, and Titus 1:1
^ Matthias is the apostle who replaced Judas Iscariot. Acts 1:15-26
Categories: Kings of ancient IsraelKings of ancient JudahMonarchs of the Hebrew BibleHebrew Bible peopleBible-related lists
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Post by ben on Apr 21, 2013 18:28:47 GMT -5
Genetics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal).
Part of a series on
Genetics
Key components
Chromosome DNA RNA
Genome Heredity Mutation
Nucleotide Variation
Glossary Index Outline
History and topics
Introduction History
Evolution (molecular)
Population genetics
Mendelian inheritance
Quantitative genetics
Molecular genetics
Research
DNA sequencing
Genetic engineering
Genomics ( template)
Medical genetics
Branches of genetics
Biology portal
v t e
For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to genetics.
Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, "genitive" and that from γένεσις genesis, "origin"),[1][2][3] a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.[4][5]
Genetics deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behavior in the context of a cell or organism (e.g. dominance and epigenetics), patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring, and gene distribution, variation and change in populations, such as through Genome-Wide Association Studies. Given that genes are universal to living organisms, genetics can be applied to the study of all living systems, from viruses and bacteria, through plants and domestic animals, to humans (as in medical genetics).
The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics, which attempts to understand the process of inheritance, only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century.[6] Although he did not know the physical basis for heredity, Mendel observed that organisms inherit traits by way of discrete units of inheritance, which are now called genes.
Genes correspond to regions within DNA, a molecule composed of a chain of four different types of nucleotides—the sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic information organisms inherit. DNA naturally occurs in a double stranded form, with nucleotides on each strand complementary to each other. Each strand can act as a template for creating a new partner strand. This is the physical method for making copies of genes that can be inherited.
The sequence of nucleotides in a gene is translated by cells to produce a chain of amino acids, creating proteins—the order of amino acids in a protein corresponds to the order of nucleotides in the gene. This relationship between nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence is known as the genetic code. The amino acids in a protein determine how it folds into a three-dimensional shape; this structure is, in turn, responsible for the protein's function. Proteins carry out almost all the functions needed for cells to live. A change to the DNA in a gene can change a protein's amino acids, changing its shape and function: this can have a dramatic effect in the cell and on the organism as a whole.
Although genetics plays a large role in the appearance and behavior of organisms, it is the combination of genetics with what an organism experiences that determines the ultimate outcome. For example, while genes play a role in determining an organism's size, the nutrition and health it experiences after inception also have a large effect.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Mendelian and classical genetics
1.2 Molecular genetics
2 Features of inheritance
2.1 Discrete inheritance and Mendel's laws
2.2 Notation and diagrams
2.3 Interactions of multiple genes
3 Molecular basis for inheritance
3.1 DNA and chromosomes
3.2 Reproduction
3.3 Recombination and linkage
4 Gene expression
4.1 Genetic code
4.2 Nature versus nurture
4.3 Gene regulation
5 Genetic change
5.1 Mutations
5.2 Natural selection and evolution
6 Research and technology
6.1 Model organisms
6.2 Medicine
6.3 Research methods
6.4 DNA sequencing and genomics
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
[edit]History
Main article: History of genetics
DNA, the molecular basis for inheritance. Each strand of DNA is a chain of nucleotides, matching each other in the center to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder.
Although the science of genetics began with the applied and theoretical work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century, other theories of inheritance preceded Mendel. A popular theory during Mendel's time was the concept of blending inheritance: the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents. Mendel's work provided examples where traits were definitely not blended after hybridization, showing that traits are produced by combinations of distinct genes rather than a continuous blend. Blending of traits in the progeny is now explained by the action of multiple genes with quantitative effects. Another theory that had some support at that time was the inheritance of acquired characteristics: the belief that individuals inherit traits strengthened by their parents. This theory (commonly associated with Jean-Baptiste Lamarck) is now known to be wrong—the experiences of individuals do not affect the genes they pass to their children,[7] although evidence in the field of epigenetics has revived some aspects of Lamarck's theory.[8] Other theories included the pangenesis of Charles Darwin (which had both acquired and inherited aspects) and Francis Galton's reformulation of pangenesis as both particulate and inherited.[9]
[edit]Mendelian and classical genetics
Modern genetics started with Gregor Johann Mendel, a German-Czech Augustinian monk and scientist who studied the nature of inheritance in plants. In his paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), presented in 1865 to the Naturforschender Verein (Society for Research in Nature) in Brünn, Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically.[10] Although this pattern of inheritance could only be observed for a few traits, Mendel's work suggested that heredity was particulate, not acquired, and that the inheritance patterns of many traits could be explained through simple rules and ratios.
The importance of Mendel's work did not gain wide understanding until the 1890s, after his death, when other scientists working on similar problems re-discovered his research. William Bateson, a proponent of Mendel's work, coined the word genetics in 1905.[11][12] (The adjective genetic, derived from the Greek word genesis—γένεσις, "origin", predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860.)[13] Bateson popularized the usage of the word genetics to describe the study of inheritance in his inaugural address to the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London, England, in 1906.[14]
After the rediscovery of Mendel's work, scientists tried to determine which molecules in the cell were responsible for inheritance. In 1911, Thomas Hunt Morgan argued that genes are on chromosomes, based on observations of a sex-linked white eye mutation in fruit flies.[15] In 1913, his student Alfred Sturtevant used the phenomenon of genetic linkage to show that genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome.[16]
Morgan's observation of sex-linked inheritance of a mutation causing white eyes in Drosophila led him to the hypothesis that genes are located upon chromosomes.
[edit]Molecular genetics
Although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and DNA, and scientists did not know which of these is responsible for inheritance. In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered the phenomenon of transformation (see Griffith's experiment): dead bacteria could transfer genetic material to "transform" other still-living bacteria. Sixteen years later, in 1944, Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty identified the molecule responsible for transformation as DNA.[17] The role of the nucleus as the respository of genetic information in eukaryotes had been established by Hämmerling in 1943 in his work on the single celled alga Acetabularia.[18] The Hershey-Chase experiment in 1952 confirmed that DNA (rather than protein) is the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that DNA is the molecule responsible for inheritance.[19]
James D. Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA had a helical structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew).[20][21] Their double-helix model had two strands of DNA with the nucleotides pointing inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the other strand to form what looks like rungs on a twisted ladder.[22] This structure showed that genetic information exists in the sequence of nucleotides on each strand of DNA. The structure also suggested a simple method for duplication: if the strands are separated, new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand.
Although the structure of DNA showed how inheritance works, it was still not known how DNA influences the behavior of cells. In the following years, scientists tried to understand how DNA controls the process of protein production. It was discovered that the cell uses DNA as a template to create matching messenger RNA (a molecule with nucleotides, very similar to DNA). The nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA is used to create an amino acid sequence in protein; this translation between nucleotide and amino acid sequences is known as the genetic code.
With this molecular understanding of inheritance, an explosion of research became possible. One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger. This technology allows scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.[23] In 1983, Kary Banks Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, providing a quick way to isolate and amplify a specific section of a DNA from a mixture.[24] Through the pooled efforts of the Human Genome Project and the parallel private effort by Celera Genomics, these and other methods culminated in the sequencing of the human genome in 2003.[25]
[edit]Features of inheritance
[edit]Discrete inheritance and Mendel's laws
Main article: Mendelian inheritance
A Punnett square depicting a cross between two pea plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms
At its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by means of discrete traits, called genes.[26] This property was first observed by Gregor Mendel, who studied the segregation of heritable traits in pea plants.[10][27] In his experiments studying the trait for flower color, Mendel observed that the flowers of each pea plant were either purple or white—but never an intermediate between the two colors. These different, discrete versions of the same gene are called alleles.
In the case of pea, which is a diploid species, each individual plant has two copies of each gene, one copy inherited from each parent.[28] Many species, including humans, have this pattern of inheritance. Diploid organisms with two copies of the same allele of a given gene are called homozygous at that gene locus, while organisms with two different alleles of a given gene are called heterozygous.
The set of alleles for a given organism is called its genotype, while the observable traits of the organism are called its phenotype. When organisms are heterozygous at a gene, often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed. Some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have incomplete dominance by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or codominance by expressing both alleles at once.[29]
When a pair of organisms reproduce sexually, their offspring randomly inherit one of the two alleles from each parent. These observations of discrete inheritance and the segregation of alleles are collectively known as Mendel's first law or the Law of Segregation.
[edit]Notation and diagrams
Genetic pedigree charts help track the inheritance patterns of traits.
Geneticists use diagrams and symbols to describe inheritance. A gene is represented by one or a few letters. Often a "+" symbol is used to mark the usual, non-mutant allele for a gene.[30]
In fertilization and breeding experiments (and especially when discussing Mendel's laws) the parents are referred to as the "P" generation and the offspring as the "F1" (first filial) generation. When the F1 offspring mate with each other, the offspring are called the "F2" (second filial) generation. One of the common diagrams used to predict the result of cross-breeding is the Punnett square.
When studying human genetic diseases, geneticists often use pedigree charts to represent the inheritance of traits.[31] These charts map the inheritance of a trait in a family tree.
[edit]Interactions of multiple genes
Human height is a trait with complex genetic causes. Francis Galton's data from 1889 shows the relationship between offspring height as a function of mean parent height. While correlated, remaining variation in offspring heights indicates environment is also an important factor in this trait.
Organisms have thousands of genes, and in sexually reproducing organisms these genes generally assort independently of each other. This means that the inheritance of an allele for yellow or green pea color is unrelated to the inheritance of alleles for white or purple flowers. This phenomenon, known as "Mendel's second law" or the "Law of independent assortment", means that the alleles of different genes get shuffled between parents to form offspring with many different combinations. (Some genes do not assort independently, demonstrating genetic linkage, a topic discussed later in this article.)
Often different genes can interact in a way that influences the same trait. In the Blue-eyed Mary (Omphalodes verna), for example, there exists a gene with alleles that determine the color of flowers: blue or magenta. Another gene, however, controls whether the flowers have color at all or are white. When a plant has two copies of this white allele, its flowers are white—regardless of whether the first gene has blue or magenta alleles. This interaction between genes is called epistasis, with the second gene epistatic to the first.[32]
Many traits are not discrete features (e.g. purple or white flowers) but are instead continuous features (e.g. human height and skin color). These complex traits are products of many genes.[33] The influence of these genes is mediated, to varying degrees, by the environment an organism has experienced. The degree to which an organism's genes contribute to a complex trait is called heritability.[34] Measurement of the heritability of a trait is relative—in a more variable environment, the environment has a bigger influence on the total variation of the trait. For example, human height is a trait with complex causes. It has a heritability of 89% in the United States. In Nigeria, however, where people experience a more variable access to good nutrition and health care, height has a heritability of only 62%.[35]
[edit]Molecular basis for inheritance
[edit]DNA and chromosomes
Main articles: DNA and Chromosome
The molecular structure of DNA. Bases pair through the arrangement of hydrogen bonding between the strands.
The molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides, of which there are four types: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Genetic information exists in the sequence of these nucleotides, and genes exist as stretches of sequence along the DNA chain.[36] Viruses are the only exception to this rule—sometimes viruses use the very similar molecule RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material.[37]
DNA normally exists as a double-stranded molecule, coiled into the shape of a double-helix. Each nucleotide in DNA preferentially pairs with its partner nucleotide on the opposite strand: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand.[38]
Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (including plants and animals) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length.[39] The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins.[40] The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all chromosomes) is called the genome.
While haploid organisms have only one copy of each chromosome, most animals and many plants are diploid, containing two of each chromosome and thus two copies of every gene.[28] The two alleles for a gene are located on identical loci of the two homologous chromosomes, each allele inherited from a different parent.
Walther Flemming's 1882 diagram of eukaryotic cell division. Chromosomes are copied, condensed, and organized. Then, as the cell divides, chromosome copies separate into the daughter cells.
Many species have so called sex chromosomes. They are special in that they determine the sex of the organism.[41] In humans and many other animals, the Y-chromosome contains the gene that triggers the development of the specifically male characteristics. In evolution, this chromosome has lost most of its content and also most of its genes, while the X chromosome is similar to the other chromosomes and contains many genes. The X and Y chromosomes form a very heterogeneous pair.
[edit]Reproduction
Main articles: Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction
When cells divide, their full genome is copied and each daughter cell inherits one copy. This process, called mitosis, is the simplest form of reproduction and is the basis for asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can also occur in multicellular organisms, producing offspring that inherit their genome from a single parent. Offspring that are genetically identical to their parents are called clones.
Eukaryotic organisms often use sexual reproduction to generate offspring that contain a mixture of genetic material inherited from two different parents. The process of sexual reproduction alternates between forms that contain single copies of the genome (haploid) and double copies (diploid).[28] Haploid cells fuse and combine genetic material to create a diploid cell with paired chromosomes. Diploid organisms form haploids by dividing, without replicating their DNA, to create daughter cells that randomly inherit one of each pair of chromosomes. Most animals and many plants are diploid for most of their lifespan, with the haploid form reduced to single cell gametes such as sperm or eggs.
Although they do not use the haploid/diploid method of sexual reproduction, bacteria have many methods of acquiring new genetic information. Some bacteria can undergo conjugation, transferring a small circular piece of DNA to another bacterium.[42] Bacteria can also take up raw DNA fragments found in the environment and integrate them into their genomes, a phenomenon known as transformation.[43] These processes result in horizontal gene transfer, transmitting fragments of genetic information between organisms that would be otherwise unrelated.
[edit]Recombination and linkage
Main articles: Chromosomal crossover and Genetic linkage
Thomas Hunt Morgan's 1916 illustration of a double crossover between chromosomes
The diploid nature of chromosomes allows for genes on different chromosomes to assort independently during sexual reproduction, recombining to form new combinations of genes. Genes on the same chromosome would theoretically never recombine, however, were it not for the process of chromosomal crossover. During crossover, chromosomes exchange stretches of DNA, effectively shuffling the gene alleles between the chromosomes.[44] This process of chromosomal crossover generally occurs during meiosis, a series of cell divisions that creates haploid cells.
The probability of chromosomal crossover occurring between two given points on the chromosome is related to the distance between the points. For an arbitrarily long distance, the probability of crossover is high enough that the inheritance of the genes is effectively uncorrelated. For genes that are closer together, however, the lower probability of crossover means that the genes demonstrate genetic linkage—alleles for the two genes tend to be inherited together. The amounts of linkage between a series of genes can be combined to form a linear linkage map that roughly describes the arrangement of the genes along the chromosome.[45]
[edit]Gene expression
[edit]Genetic code
Main article: Genetic code
The genetic code: DNA, through a messenger RNA intermediate, codes for protein with a triplet code.
Genes generally express their functional effect through the production of proteins, which are complex molecules responsible for most functions in the cell. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains, each of which is composed of a sequence of amino acids, and the DNA sequence of a gene (through an RNA intermediate) is used to produce a specific amino acid sequence. This process begins with the production of an RNA molecule with a sequence matching the gene's DNA sequence, a process called transcription.
This messenger RNA molecule is then used to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence through a process called translation. Each group of three nucleotides in the sequence, called a codon, corresponds either to one of the twenty possible amino acids in a protein or an instruction to end the amino acid sequence; this correspondence is called the genetic code.[46] The flow of information is unidirectional: information is transferred from nucleotide sequences into the amino acid sequence of proteins, but it never transfers from protein back into the sequence of DNA—a phenomenon Francis Crick called the central dogma of molecular biology.[47]
A single amino acid change causes hemoglobin to form fibers.
The specific sequence of amino acids results in a unique three-dimensional structure for that protein, and the three-dimensional structures of proteins are related to their functions.[48][49] Some are simple structural molecules, like the fibers formed by the protein collagen. Proteins can bind to other proteins and simple molecules, sometimes acting as enzymes by facilitating chemical reactions within the bound molecules (without changing the structure of the protein itself). Protein structure is dynamic; the protein hemoglobin bends into slightly different forms as it facilitates the capture, transport, and release of oxygen molecules within mammalian blood.
A single nucleotide difference within DNA can cause a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. Because protein structures are the result of their amino acid sequences, some changes can dramatically change the properties of a protein by destabilizing the structure or changing the surface of the protein in a way that changes its interaction with other proteins and molecules. For example, sickle-cell anemia is a human genetic disease that results from a single base difference within the coding region for the β-globin section of hemoglobin, causing a single amino acid change that changes hemoglobin's physical properties.[50] Sickle-cell versions of hemoglobin stick to themselves, stacking to form fibers that distort the shape of red blood cells carrying the protein. These sickle-shaped cells no longer flow smoothly through blood vessels, having a tendency to clog or degrade, causing the medical problems associated with this disease.
Some genes are transcribed into RNA but are not translated into protein products—such RNA molecules are called non-coding RNA. In some cases, these products fold into structures which are involved in critical cell functions (e.g. ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA). RNA can also have regulatory effect through hybridization interactions with other RNA molecules (e.g. microRNA).
[edit]Nature versus nurture
Main article: Nature vs. nurture
Siamese cats have a temperature-sensitive mutation in pigment production.
Although genes contain all the information an organism uses to function, the environment plays an important role in determining the ultimate phenotype—a phenomenon often referred to as "nature vs. nurture". The phenotype of an organism depends on the interaction of genetics with the environment. One example of this is the case of temperature-sensitive mutations. Often, a single amino acid change within the sequence of a protein does not change its behavior and interactions with other molecules, but it does destabilize the structure. In a high temperature environment, where molecules are moving more quickly and hitting each other, this results in the protein losing its structure and failing to function. In a low temperature environment, however, the protein's structure is stable and it functions normally. This type of mutation is visible in the coat coloration of Siamese cats, where a mutation in an enzyme responsible for pigment production causes it to destabilize and lose function at high temperatures.[51] The protein remains functional in areas of skin that are colder—legs, ears, tail, and face—and so the cat has dark fur at its extremities.
Environment also plays a dramatic role in effects of the human genetic disease phenylketonuria.[52] The mutation that causes phenylketonuria disrupts the ability of the body to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, causing a toxic build-up of an intermediate molecule that, in turn, causes severe symptoms of progressive mental retardation and seizures. If someone with the phenylketonuria mutation follows a strict diet that avoids this amino acid, however, they remain normal and healthy.
A popular method to determine how much role nature and nurture play is to study identical and fraternal twins or siblings of multiple birth.[53] Because identical siblings come from the same zygote they are genetically the same. Fraternal siblings however are as different genetically from one another as normal siblings. By comparing how often the twin of a set has the same disorder between fraternal and identical twins, scientists can see whether there is more of a nature or nurture effect. One famous example of a multiple birth study includes the Genain quadruplets, who were identical quadruplets all diagnosed with schizophrenia.[54]
[edit]Gene regulation
Main article: Regulation of gene expression
The genome of a given organism contains thousands of genes, but not all these genes need to be active at any given moment. A gene is expressed when it is being transcribed into mRNA (and translated into protein), and there exist many cellular methods of controlling the expression of genes such that proteins are produced only when needed by the cell. Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that bind to the start of genes, either promoting or inhibiting the transcription of the gene.[55] Within the genome of Escherichia coli bacteria, for example, there exists a series of genes necessary for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. However, when tryptophan is already available to the cell, these genes for tryptophan synthesis are no longer needed. The presence of tryptophan directly affects the activity of the genes—tryptophan molecules bind to the tryptophan repressor (a transcription factor), changing the repressor's structure such that the repressor binds to the genes. The tryptophan repressor blocks the transcription and expression of the genes, thereby creating negative feedback regulation of the tryptophan synthesis process.[56]
Transcription factors bind to DNA, influencing the transcription of associated genes.
Differences in gene expression are especially clear within multicellular organisms, where cells all contain the same genome but have very different structures and behaviors due to the expression of different sets of genes. All the cells in a multicellular organism derive from a single cell, differentiating into variant cell types in response to external and intercellular signals and gradually establishing different patterns of gene expression to create different behaviors. As no single gene is responsible for the development of structures within multicellular organisms, these patterns arise from the complex interactions between many cells.
Within eukaryotes there exist structural features of chromatin that influence the transcription of genes, often in the form of modifications to DNA and chromatin that are stably inherited by daughter cells.[57] These features are called "epigenetic" because they exist "on top" of the DNA sequence and retain inheritance from one cell generation to the next. Because of epigenetic features, different cell types grown within the same medium can retain very different properties. Although epigenetic features are generally dynamic over the course of development, some, like the phenomenon of paramutation, have multigenerational inheritance and exist as rare exceptions to the general rule of DNA as the basis for inheritance.[58]
[edit]Genetic change
[edit]Mutations
Main article: Mutation
Gene duplication allows diversification by providing redundancy: one gene can mutate and lose its original function without harming the organism.
During the process of DNA replication, errors occasionally occur in the polymerization of the second strand. These errors, called mutations, can have an impact on the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. Error rates are usually very low—1 error in every 10–100 million bases—due to the "proofreading" ability of DNA polymerases.[59][60] (Without proofreading, error rates are a thousandfold higher; because many viruses rely on DNA and RNA polymerases that lack proofreading ability, they experience higher mutation rates.) Processes that increase the rate of changes in DNA are called mutagenic: mutagenic chemicals promote errors in DNA replication, often by interfering with the structure of base-pairing, while UV radiation induces mutations by causing damage to the DNA structure.[61] Chemical damage to DNA occurs naturally as well, and cells use DNA repair mechanisms to repair mismatches and breaks in DNA—nevertheless, the repair sometimes fails to return the DNA to its original sequence.
In organisms that use chromosomal crossover to exchange DNA and recombine genes, errors in alignment during meiosis can also cause mutations.[62] Errors in crossover are especially likely when similar sequences cause partner chromosomes to adopt a mistaken alignment; this makes some regions in genomes more prone to mutating in this way. These errors create large structural changes in DNA sequence—duplications, inversions, or deletions of entire regions—or the accidental exchanging of whole parts between different chromosomes (called translocation).
[edit]Natural selection and evolution
Main article: Evolution
Further information: Natural selection
Mutations alter an organisms genotype and occasionally this causes different phenotypes to appear. Most mutations have little effect on an organism's phenotype, health, or reproductive fitness. Mutations that do have an effect are usually deleterious, but occasionally some can be beneficial. Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, about 70 percent of these mutations will be harmful with the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.[63]
An evolutionary tree of eukaryotic organisms, constructed by comparison of several orthologous gene sequences
Population genetics studies the distribution of genetic differences within populations and how these distributions change over time.[64] Changes in the frequency of an allele in a population are mainly influenced by natural selection, where a given allele provides a selective or reproductive advantage to the organism,[65] as well as other factors such as mutation, genetic drift, genetic draft,[66] artificial selection, and migration.[67]
Over many generations, the genomes of organisms can change significantly, resulting in the phenomenon of evolution. Selection for beneficial mutations can cause a species to evolve into forms better able to survive in their environment, a process called adaptation.[68] New species are formed through the process of speciation, often caused by geographical separations that prevent populations from exchanging genes with each other.[69] The application of genetic principles to the study of population biology and evolution is referred to as the modern synthesis.
By comparing the homology between different species' genomes, it is possible to calculate the evolutionary distance between them and when they may have diverged (called a molecular clock). Genetic comparisons are generally considered a more accurate method of characterizing the relatedness between species than the comparison of phenotypic characteristics. The evolutionary distances between species can be used to form evolutionary trees; these trees represent the common descent and divergence of species over time, although they do not show the transfer of genetic material between unrelated species (known as horizontal gene transfer and most common in bacteria).[70]
[edit]Research and technology
[edit]Model organisms
The common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is a popular model organism in genetics research.
Although geneticists originally studied inheritance in a wide range of organisms, researchers began to specialize in studying the genetics of a particular subset of organisms. The fact that significant research already existed for a given organism would encourage new researchers to choose it for further study, and so eventually a few model organisms became the basis for most genetics research.[71] Common research topics in model organism genetics include the study of gene regulation and the involvement of genes in development and cancer.
Organisms were chosen, in part, for convenience—short generation times and easy genetic manipulation made some organisms popular genetics research tools. Widely used model organisms include the gut bacterium Escherichia coli, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and the common house mouse (Mus musculus).
[edit]Medicine
Medical genetics seeks to understand how genetic variation relates to human health and disease.[72] When searching for an unknown gene that may be involved in a disease, researchers commonly use genetic linkage and genetic pedigree charts to find the location on the genome associated with the disease. At the population level, researchers take advantage of Mendelian randomization to look for locations in the genome that are associated with diseases, a method especially useful for multigenic traits not clearly defined by a single gene.[73] Once a candidate gene is found, further research is often done on the corresponding gene (called an orthologous gene) in model organisms. In addition to studying genetic diseases, the increased availability of genotyping methods has led to the field of pharmacogenetics—studying how genotype can affect drug responses.[74]
Individuals differ in their inherited tendency to develop cancer,[75] and cancer is a genetic disease.[76] The process of cancer development in the body is a combination of events. Mutations occasionally occur within cells in the body as they divide. Although these mutations will not be inherited by any offspring, they can affect the behavior of cells, sometimes causing them to grow and divide more frequently. There are biological mechanisms that attempt to stop this process; signals are given to inappropriately dividing cells that should trigger cell death, but sometimes additional mutations occur that cause cells to ignore these messages. An internal process of natural selection occurs within the body and eventually mutations accumulate within cells to promote their own growth, creating a cancerous tumor that grows and invades various tissues of the body.
Normally, a cell divides only in response to signals: "growth factors", it stops growing when making contact with surrounding cells (contact inhibition), and in response to growth inhibitory signals, it divides a limited number of times and dies (apoptosis), it stays inside the epithelium and is not able to migrate to invade other organs. To become a cancer cell, a cell has to accumulate mutations in a number of genes (3-7) that allow it to bypass all these regulations: it no longer needs growth factors to divide, it continues growing when making contact to neighbor cells, and ignores inhibitory signals, it will keep growing indefinitely and is immortal, it will escape from the epithelium and ultimately may be able to escape from the primary tumor, cross the endothelium of a blood vessel, be transported by the bloodstream and will colonize a new organ, forming deadly metastasis. Although there are some genetic predispositions in a small fraction of cancers, the major fraction is due to a set of new genetic mutations that originally appear and accumulate in one or a small number of cells that will divide to form the tumor and are not transmitted to the progeny (somatic mutations). The most frequent mutations are a loss of function of p53 protein, a tumor suppressor, or in the p53 pathway, and gain of function mutations in the ras proteins, or in other oncogenes.
[edit]Research methods
DNA can be manipulated in the laboratory. Restriction enzymes are commonly used enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, producing predictable fragments of DNA.[77] DNA fragments can be visualized through use of gel electrophoresis, which separates fragments according to their length.
The use of ligation enzymes allows DNA fragments to be connected, and by ligating fragments of DNA together from different sources, researchers can create recombinant DNA. Often associated with genetically modified organisms, recombinant DNA is commonly used in the context of plasmids—short circular DNA fragments with a few genes on them. By inserting plasmids into bacteria and growing those bacteria on plates of agar (to isolate clones of bacteria cells), researchers can clonally amplify the inserted fragment of DNA (a process known as molecular cloning). (Cloning can also refer to creating clonal organisms, by various means.)
Colonies of E. coli on a plate of agar, an example of cellular cloning and often used in molecular cloning.
DNA can also be amplified using a procedure called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).[78] By using specific short sequences of DNA, PCR can isolate and exponentially amplify a targeted region of DNA. Because it can amplify from extremely small amounts of DNA, PCR is also often used to detect the presence of specific DNA sequences.
[edit]DNA sequencing and genomics
One of the most fundamental technologies developed to study genetics, DNA sequencing allows researchers to determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragments. Developed in 1977 by Frederick Sanger and coworkers, chain-termination sequencing is now routinely used to sequence DNA fragments.[79] With this technology researchers have been able to study the molecular sequences associated with many human diseases.
As sequencing has become less expensive, researchers have sequenced the genomes of many organisms, using computational tools to stitch together the sequences of many different fragments (a process called genome assembly).[80] These technologies were used to sequence the human genome, leading to the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003.[25] New high-throughput sequencing technologies are dramatically lowering the cost of DNA sequencing, with many researchers hoping to bring the cost of resequencing a human genome down to a thousand dollars.[81]
The large amount of sequence data available has created the field of genomics, research that uses computational tools to search for and analyze patterns in the full genomes of organisms. Genomics can also be considered a subfield of bioinformatics, which uses computational approaches to analyze large sets of biological data.
[edit]See also
Bacterial genome size
Genetic disorder
Index of genetics articles
Modern Evolution of Genetics Timeline
Outline of genetics
[edit]Notes
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^ "Genesis (γένεσις)". Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
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^ Hartl D, Jones E (2005)
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^ Singer, Emily (February 4, 2009). "A Comeback for Lamarckian Evolution?". Technology Review. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Peter J. Bowler, The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergency of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989): chapters 2 & 3.
^ a b Blumberg, Roger B. "Mendel's Paper in English".
^ genetics, n., Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.
^ Bateson W. "Letter from William Bateson to Alan Sedgwick in 1905". The John Innes Centre. Retrieved 15 March 2008. Note that the letter was to an Adam Sedgwick, a zoologist and "Reader in Animal Morphology" at Trinity College, Cambridge
^ genetic, adj., Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.
^ Bateson, W (1907). "The Progress of Genetic Research". In Wilks, W. Report of the Third 1906 International Conference on Genetics: Hybridization (the cross-breeding of genera or species), the cross-breeding of varieties, and general plant breeding. London: Royal Horticultural Society.
Initially titled the "International Conference on Hybridisation and Plant Breeding", the title was changed as a result of Bateson's speech. See: Cock AG, Forsdyke DR (2008). Treasure your exceptions: the science and life of William Bateson. Springer. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-387-75687-5.
^ Moore, John A. (1983). "Thomas Hunt Morgan—The Geneticist". Integrative and Comparative Biology 23 (4): 855. doi:10.1093/icb/23.4.855.
^ Sturtevant AH (1913). "The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association". Journal of Experimental Biology 14: 43–59.
^ Avery, OT; MacLeod, CM; McCarty, M (1944). "Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III". The Journal of experimental medicine 79 (2): 137–58. doi:10.1084/jem.79.2.137. PMC 2135445. PMID 19871359. Reprint: Avery, OT; Macleod, CM; Mccarty, M (1979). "Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Inductions of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III". The Journal of experimental medicine 149 (2): 297–326. doi:10.1084/jem.149.2.297. PMC 2184805. PMID 33226.
^ Cell and Molecular Biology", Pragya Khanna. I. K. International Pvt Ltd, 2008. p. 221. ISBN 81-89866-59-1, ISBN 978-81-89866-59-4
^ Hershey, AD; Chase, M (1952). "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal of General Physiology 36 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1085/jgp.36.1.39. PMC 2147348. PMID 12981234.
^ Judson, Horace (1979). The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. 51–169. ISBN 0-87969-477-7. Unknown parameter |middle= ignored (help)
^ Watson, J. D.; Crick, FH (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". Nature 171 (4356): 737–8. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..737W. doi:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692.
^ Watson, J. D.; Crick, FH (1953). "Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid". Nature 171 (4361): 964–7. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..964W. doi:10.1038/171964b0. PMID 13063483.
^ Sanger, F; Nicklen, S; Coulson, AR (1977). "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (12): 5463–7. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5463S. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. PMC 431765. PMID 271968.
^ Saiki, RK; Scharf, S; Faloona, F; Mullis, KB; Horn, GT; Erlich, HA; Arnheim, N (1985). "Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia". Science 230 (4732): 1350–4. Bibcode:1985Sci...230.1350S. doi:10.1126/science.2999980. PMID 2999980.
^ a b "Human Genome Project Information". Human Genome Project. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Patterns of Inheritance: Introduction". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Mendel's experiments". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ a b c Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Interactions between the alleles of one gene". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ Cheney, Richard W. "Genetic Notation". Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Human Genetics". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Gene interaction and modified dihybrid ratios". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ Mayeux, R (2005). "Mapping the new frontier: complex genetic disorders". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (6): 1404–7. doi:10.1172/JCI25421. PMC 1137013. PMID 15931374.
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^ Luke, A; Guo, X; Adeyemo, AA; Wilks, R; Forrester, T; Lowe W, W; Comuzzie, AG; Martin, LJ et al. (2001). "Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans and US black people". International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders 25 (7): 1034–41. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801650. PMID 11443503.
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^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Mechanism of DNA Replication". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ Gregory, SG; Barlow, KF; Mclay, KE; Kaul, R; Swarbreck, D; Dunham, A; Scott, CE; Howe, KL et al. (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature 441 (7091): 315–21. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..315G. doi:10.1038/nature04727. PMID 16710414.
^ Alberts et al. (2002), II.4. DNA and chromosomes: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Bacterial conjugation". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Bacterial transformation". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
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^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND (2002). "I. 5. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information: Amino Acids Are Encoded by Groups of Three Bases Starting from a Fixed Point". Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
^ Crick, F (1970). "Central dogma of molecular biology". Nature 227 (5258): 561–3. Bibcode:1970Natur.227..561C. doi:10.1038/227561a0. PMID 4913914.
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^ "MedlinePlus: Phenylketonuria". NIH: National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
^ e.g. Ridley M (2003). Nature via nurture: genes, experience and what makes us human. Fourth Estate. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-84115-745-0.
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^ Alberts et al. (2002), II.3. Control of Gene Expression – The Tryptophan Repressor Is a Simple Switch That Turns Genes On and Off in Bacteria
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[edit]References
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, and Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help)
Hartl D, Jones E (2005). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 0-7637-1511-5.
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, and Darnell J (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: Scientific American Books. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3.
[edit]External links
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Post by ben on Apr 21, 2013 18:29:36 GMT -5
List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of haplogroups of historical and famous figures. Haplogroups can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from genealogical DNA tests of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. Some contemporary notable figures have made their test results public in the course of news programs about this topic. Contents [hide] 1 mtDNA 1.1 Ancient samples 1.1.1 Luke the Evangelist 1.1.2 Marie Antoinette 1.1.3 Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna of Russia 1.1.4 James McGovern 1.1.5 Petrarch 1.1.6 Ötzi the Iceman 1.1.7 Kostenki from Don 1.1.8 Jesse James 1.1.9 The Cheddar Man 1.1.10 Oseberg ship remains 1.1.11 Sweyn II of Denmark 1.2 Deduction by descendant testing 1.2.1 Benjamin Franklin 1.2.2 Queen Victoria 1.2.3 Richard III of England 1.2.4 Edward IV of England 1.3 Figures from popular culture 1.3.1 Christian Cardell Corbet 1.3.2 Katie Couric 1.3.3 Stephen Colbert 1.3.4 David Patterson 1.3.5 Vanna Bonta 1.3.6 Desmond Tutu 1.3.7 Nelson Mandela 1.3.8 Bono 2 Y-DNA 2.1 Ancient samples 2.1.1 Tutankhamun 2.1.2 Ramesses III 2.1.3 Emperor Nicholas II 2.1.4 Ötzi the Iceman 2.1.5 King Louis XVI 2.1.6 Birger Magnusson 2.2 Deduction by descendant testing 2.2.1 John Adams and John Quincy Adams 2.2.2 Cao Cao 2.2.3 Sir Henry Clinton 2.2.4 Davy Crockett 2.2.5 Charles Darwin 2.2.6 Albert Einstein 2.2.7 Gediminas 2.2.8 Genghis Khan 2.2.9 Gia Long 2.2.10 Alexander Hamilton 2.2.11 William Harvey 2.2.12 Adolf Hitler 2.2.13 Thomas Jefferson 2.2.14 Napoleon 2.2.15 Niall of the Nine Hostages 2.2.16 Nurhaci 2.2.17 Fred Phelps 2.2.18 Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan 2.2.19 Fath Ali Shah Qajar 2.2.20 Edmund Rice 2.2.21 Rurik of Novgorod 2.2.22 All Russian emperors from at least Nicholas I to Nicholas II "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" 2.2.23 Somerled 2.2.24 Joseph Stalin 2.2.25 Zachary Taylor, William McKinley and Woodrow Wilson 2.2.26 Leo Tolstoy 2.2.27 Tonu Trubetsky 2.2.28 Colla Uais 2.2.29 The Wright Brothers 2.2.30 Zhu Xi & the Ming Dynasty of China 2.3 Figures from popular culture 2.3.1 Al Roker 2.3.2 Chris Rock 2.3.3 Desmond Tutu 2.3.4 Warren Buffett and Jimmy Buffett 2.3.5 Matt Lauer 2.3.6 Spencer Wells 2.3.7 Nelson Mandela 2.3.8 Wyatt Emory Cooper and Anderson Cooper 2.3.9 William Welles Hollister 2.3.10 Tom Hanks 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]mtDNA MtDNA results come from historical persons whose mitochondrial DNA has been tested; it identifies direct maternal ancestry, which is just one line out of many. [edit]Ancient samples These are results from ancient samples of the person or reputed remains of the person. Because mtDNA breaks down more slowly than nuclear DNA, it is often possible to obtain mtDNA results where other testing fails. [edit]Luke the Evangelist The remains attributed to Luke the Evangelist, which have been held in Padua, Italy, have been tested for mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA): Name Location Approximate lifetime mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup body attributed to Luke the Evangelist Italy 1,850 years ago 16235G, 16291T H2 [edit]Marie Antoinette DNA taken from a lock of Marie Antoinette's hair, cut from her as a child, matched DNA believed to be from her son, King Louis XVII. A detailed discussion on the DNA analysis of Marie Antoinette, the putative heart of Louis XVII, and Carl Wilhelm Naundorff is available.[1] Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup DNA attributed to Marie Antoinette 16519C, 152C, 194T, 263G, 315.1C H [edit]Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna of Russia Main articles: Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse and Nicholas II of Russia The remains of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna were DNA tested along with the other bodies in their mass grave. The tests concluded that five of the skeletons were members of one family, and four were unrelated. Three of the five were determined to be the children of two parents. The mother was linked to the British royal family, as was Alexandra known to be by historical documentation. The father was determined to have been related to several other Romanovs. Scientists said they were more than 99% sure that the remains were those of the Tsar, his wife and children, and their attendants. Remains of Alexei, the 13-year-old heir to the throne, and one of his sisters, either Maria or Anastasia, were found in 2007, disproving rumors of the survival of one of the daughters. Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup Empress Alexandra of Russia 16111T, 16357C, 263G, 315.1C H *Tsar Nicholas has a heteroplasmy, an instance of multiple mitochondrial types together in one cell, a normal & mutational cell, at 16169Y. The results were the same for his brother, Grand Duke Georgij Romanovr. [edit]James McGovern The remains of fighter pilot James "Earthquake McGoon" McGovern Jr. were discovered in Vietnam in 2002 and identified in 2006. McGovern belonged to mtDNA haplogroup H1.[2] Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup James "Earthquake McGoon" McGovern 16519C H1 [edit]Petrarch The remains of Francesco Petrarca were tested for DNA in 2003. Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup body attributed to Petrarch 16126C, 16193T, 16311C J2 [edit]Ötzi the Iceman Analysis of the mtDNA of Ötzi the Iceman, the frozen mummy from 3300 BC found on the Austrian-Italian border, has shown that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade. His mtDNA cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has preliminarily been named K1ö for Ötzi.[3] [edit]Kostenki from Don Analysis of the 33,000 years old mtDNA from Kostenki 14, found by the Don river, Russia has shown that Kostenki belongs to the U2 subclade.[6] [edit]Jesse James In 1995 the body of Jesse James was exhumed and his DNA compared to that of two known living relatives; he was matched with each. Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup body attributed to Jesse James 16126C, 16274A, 16294T, 16296T, 16304C T2 [edit]The Cheddar Man The skeleton excavated from the Cheddar Gorge is in haplogroup U5a. The Cheddar Man is the nickname for the ancient human remains found in Cheddar Gorge; his approximate date of death was 7150 BCE. Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup Cheddar Man 16192T, 16270T U5a mitosearch member code: 7MRU2 [edit]Oseberg ship remains The remains of the younger of the two women buried with the Oseberg ship was tested and discovered to have mtDNA of U7.[4] Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup Young Girl N/A U7 [edit]Sweyn II of Denmark In order to verify whether the body of a woman entombed near Sweyn II of Denmark in Roskilde Cathedral is that of his mother Estrid, mtDNA from pulp of teeth from each of the two bodies was extracted and analysed. The king was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H and the woman was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H5a. Based on the observation of two HVR1 sequence differences, it was concluded that it is highly unlikely that the woman was the king's mother.[5] [edit]Deduction by descendant testing Because mtDNA is carried through the direct female line, some researchers have identified the haplotype of historic persons by testing descendants in their direct female line. In the case of males, their mother's direct female lineage descendants are tested. [edit]Benjamin Franklin Doras Folger, one of Benjamin Franklin's mother's six sisters, passed on her mtDNA to her 9th-great-granddaughter, Charlene Chambers King, therefore showing Franklin to belong to haplogroup V.[6] Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup Benjamin Franklin T16298C, 315.1C, 309.1C, A263G, and T72C. V [edit]Queen Victoria mtDNA Haplogroup H (16111T, 16357C, 263G, 315.1C): Empress Alexandra of Russia's identity was confirmed by matching her mtDNA with that of her grand-nephew, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Their common maternal ancestor, Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and her mother, Queen Victoria, must therefore have shared this haplotype. [edit]Richard III of England See also: Exhumation of Richard III of England In 2004 British historian John Ashdown-Hill traced a British-born woman living in Canada, Joy Ibsen (née Brown), who is a direct maternal line descendant of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, a sister of Richard III of England. Joy Ibsen's mtDNA was tested and belongs to mtDNA Haplogroup J, which by deduction should also be the mtDNA haplogroup of Richard III.[7][8] Joy Ibsen died in 2008. On 4 February 2013, University of Leicester researchers announced that there was an mtDNA match between that of a skeleton exhumed in Leicester suspected of belonging to Richard III and that of Joy Ibsen's son, Michael Ibsen, and a second unnamed direct maternal line descendant.[9][10][11] They share mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.[12][13] Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup Richard III of England 16069T, 16126C, 73G, 146C, 185A, 188G, 263G, 295T, 315.1C J [edit]Edward IV of England Edward IV of England and his brother Richard III of England, both sons of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, would have shared the same mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.[12] [edit]Figures from popular culture The following are contemporary individuals who have had mtDNA results publicized: [edit]Christian Cardell Corbet The Canadian portrait artist Christian Cardell Corbet belongs to mtDNA haplogroup H.[14][15] Name mitochondrial DNA sequence Haplogroup Christian Cardell Corbet 16519C H [edit]Katie Couric During an interview with Dr. Spencer Wells of The National Geographic Genographic Project, the host Katie Couric was revealed to belong to haplogroup K.[16] [edit]Stephen Colbert Stephen Colbert was told by Dr Spencer Wells that he is a member of haplogroup K.[17] [edit]David Patterson David Paterson, the former governor of New York, belongs to mtDNA haplogroup L.[18] [edit]Vanna Bonta American novelist Vanna Bonta belongs to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Haplogroup H1. The paternal genome of her father's line is Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA).[19][20] [edit]Desmond Tutu Desmond Tutu, South African activist and Christian cleric, according to a study on Southern African genetics belongs to mtDNA haplogroup L0d, a subgroup of Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA).[21] [edit]Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela, former President of South Africa, belongs to mtDNA haplogroup L0d (previously known as L1d), a subgroup of Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA).[22][23][24][25] [edit]Bono Bono, the vocalist for the Irish rock band U2, belongs to mtDNA haplogroup V.[26][27][28] [edit]Y-DNA The results for Y-DNA genealogical DNA tests are either from the men themselves, or from men who have inferred paternal descent from historical figures. Scientists make the inference as a hypothesis which could be disproved or improved by future research. [edit]Ancient samples [edit]Tutankhamun An academic study which included DNA profiling of some of the related male mummies of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010. Tutankhamun's Y-DNA haplogroup was not published in the academic paper.[29][30][31] In 2011 iGENEA, a Swiss personal genomics company selling genealogical DNA tests, claimed to have reconstructed King Tut's Y-DNA profile based on some screencaps from a Discovery Channel documentary about the study. iGENEA claims that King Tut belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1a2.[32][33][34] Members of the research team that conducted the academic study published in 2010 stated they had not been consulted by iGENEA before they published the haplogroup information and described iGENEA's claims as "unscientific".[31] [edit]Ramesses III According to a genetic study in December 2012, Ramesses III, second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and considered to be the last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1a, mainly found in East Africa, North Africa and sub-saharan Africa.[35] [edit]Emperor Nicholas II Nicholas II of Russia has been predicted as having an R1b haplotype.[36][37] DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 439 389i 392 389ii 458 456 635 Y-GATA-H4 437 438 448 Alleles 13 24 14 10 11 14 11 13 13 29 17 16 24 12 15 12 19 [edit]Ötzi the Iceman Ötzi the Iceman has been found to be Y-DNA haplogroup G2a2b.[38] The actual term used was G2a4, but the presumed L91 mutation has since been given a new category, G2a2b. [edit]King Louis XVI King Louis XVI of France from a genetic test on blood in a cloth purported to have been collected at his beheading and maintained in an ornate gourd decorated with French Revolution themes. Confirmation of this genetic profile requires testing of a known relative. The sample was tested at two laboratories with the same results.[39] The sample is most consistent with G2a3b1a samples and contains unusually high, rare values for markers DYS385B and DYS458 in this haplogroup G subgroup. Subsequent testing in 2012 on a mummified head, purportedly that of King Henri IV of France, revealed that typing of a limited number of Y-STR's showed a Y-Dna haplogroup of G2a. Reported researchers: "Five STR loci [from the sample taken from the head] match the alleles found in Louis XVI, while another locus shows an allele that is just one mutation step apart. Taking into consideration that the partial Y-chromosome profile is extremely rare in modern human databases, we concluded that both males could be paternally related."[40][41] The two French kings were separated by seven generations. DYS 393 390 19 391 385A 385B 439 389I 392 389II 458 456 437 438 YGATAH4 DYS635 Alleles 14 22 15 10 13 18 12 12 11 30 21 15 15 10 12 21 [edit]Birger Magnusson Birger Jarl, the founder of Stockholm the modern capital of Sweden, according to Andreas Carlsson at The National Board of Forensic Medicine of Sweden, belonged to haplogroup I1. Birger Magnusson was the ancestor of a line of kings of both Sweden and Norway, starting with his son Valdemar Birgersson.[42] [edit]Deduction by descendant testing [edit]John Adams and John Quincy Adams United States presidents John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b.[43] [edit]Cao Cao Chinese warlord Cao Cao, who was posthumously titled Emperor Wu of the state of Cao Wei, apparently belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O2 according to DNA tests of some documented descendants.[44][45] The Takamuko clan of Japan claims agnatic descent from Cao Pi, who was the first Emperor of the state of Cao Wei and the eldest son of Cao Cao. This suggests that the Takamuko clan also belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup O2. The Takamuko clan is most famous for Takamuko no Kuromaro. [edit]Sir Henry Clinton Sir Henry Clinton belonged to haplogroup I2-M284, based on a sample taken from a descendant. DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Alleles 14 23 15 10 15 15 11 13 12 13 12 29 17 8 10 11 11 25 14 19 30 11 15 15 15 Ysearch: C9X5J [edit]Davy Crockett Davy Crockett belonged to haplogroup I2-M223, based on a sample from a descendant of his father, and other samples from descendants of his grandfather.[46] [edit]Charles Darwin Charles Darwin belonged to Haplogroup R1b, based on a sample from his great-great-grandson.[47] [edit]Albert Einstein Albert Einstein belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1b2* E-Z830, with a sample taken from a paternal descendants of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein[48][49] [edit]Gediminas See also: Jagiellon dynasty As it was thought that the Lithuanian family of Gediminas or the Gediminids might ultimately belong to the Rurikid line, the same Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project sought to discover the haplogroup of their famous founder Gediminas. It was surprisingly found that while this is not precisely the case, the Gediminids also belong to the Y-DNA Haplogroup N1c1, yet of a different subclade. In fact the Gediminids and Rurikids are actually very distant cousins, sharing a common ancestor circa 2,500 years ago.[50] Person DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Khovansky Alleles 14 23 15 11 11 13 11 12 10 15 15 31 17 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 27 14 14 15 15 Czartoryski Alleles 14 23 15 11 11 13 11 12 11 14 15 30 17 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 29 14 14 15 15 Galitzine Alleles 14 23 15 11 11 13 11 12 11 14 15 30 17 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 28 14 14 15 15 Trubetskoy Alleles 14 23 15 11 11 13 11 12 10 13 15 29 17 9 9 11 12 25 14 20 28 14 14 15 15 Ysearch: HP2VB, 7FWBE, HUD38, Russian Nobility DNA Project- note, however, that this information originally came from the Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project: [7] [edit]Genghis Khan Main article: Descent from Genghis Khan DNA purported to be from Genghis Khan does not have the benefit of near and easily documented lineages. A distinct 'modal' result centers today on Mongolia. According to Zerjal et al. (2003),[51] Genghis Khan is believed to have belonged to Haplogroup C-M130711(xC3c-M48). DYS 393 390 391 425 426 434 435 436 437i 438 439 388 389i 389ii 392 Alleles 13 25 10 12 11 11 11 12 8 10 10 14 10 26 11 According to Family Tree DNA,[52] Genghis Khan is believed to have belonged to Haplogroup C-M217. Extended 25 Marker Y-DNA modal based on Mongolians matching the above modal haplotype in the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation database,[53] which also corresponds to the modal assigned to Genghis Khan released by Family Tree DNA:[52] DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Alleles 13 25 16 10 12 13 11 14 10 13 11 29 18 8 8 11 12 26 14 22 27 11 11 12 16 Ysearch: GF44B Oxford university's department of biochemistry gives an extended haplotype (SMGF standard allele count).[54] DYS 393 392 449 446 390 389b 464a 464b 464c 464d 461 394 458 462 391 459a 459b 460 YGATAA10 385a 385b 455 YGATAH4 Alleles 13 11 27 21 25 16 11 11 12 16 11 17 18 13 10 8 8 10 13 12 13 11 11 DYS YGATAC4 426 454 YCAIIa YCAIIb GGAAT1B07 388 447 456 441 439 437 442 445 389I 448 438 452 444 463 Alleles 21 11 12 22 23 10 14 26 15 15 10 14 11 12 13 25 10 31 14 23 Ysearch: GF44B (78 Y-STRs) [edit]Gia Long Gia Long, who was the first emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty of Vietnam as founded by the Nguyen-Phuoc family, may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O2a according to the DNA test of one documented descendant.[55] Given the sample size, however, this result cannot be regarded as conclusive and further testing of other documented descendants is necessary to help confirm or refute this finding. [edit]Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup I1.[18][56] DYS 393 390 19 391 385A 385B 426 388 439 389I 392 389II 458 459A 459B 455 454 447 437 448 449 464A 464B 464C 464D Alleles 13 22 14;15 10 13 14 11 14 12 13 11 29 15 8 9 8 11 22 16 20 31 12 14 15 15 DYS 460 GATA-H4 YCAIIA YCAIIB 456 607 576 570 CDYA CDYB 442 438 Alleles 10 10 19 21 14 16 16 19 35 38 12 10 [edit]William Harvey Famous English physician William Harvey, who was the first in the Western world to describe systemic circulation, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1, more specifically to the subclade E1b1b1c1 (M34). Most ancient ancestor known was Humphrey Harvey (1459–1526, Kent, England). Ysearch: B2YWY. Look also Harvey Y-DNA Genetic Project [edit]Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, is believed to belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b1 (E-M35), an haplogroup which originated in East Africa about 22,400 years BP.[57] According to Ronny Decorte, genetics expert at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven who sampled Hitler's current patrilineal living relatives, Hitler "would not have been happy" as the research could be interpreted to show that his own origins were neither "pure" nor "Aryan". Decorte said that permission from the Russian government to make a conclusive analysis of the jawbone of Adolf Hitler, or from the bloodstained cloth of the sofa where he committed suicide would put an end to the speculations, but that had not been granted.[58][59] Family Tree DNA, the largest Y-chromosome testing organization for genealogy and ancestry purposes later announced that the interpretation of Hitler’s ancestry given by certain media outlets, based on information released by Jean-Paul Mulders and historian Marc Vermeeren, is "highly questionable". With a Y-chromosome database containing close to 200,000 samples from different populations, Family Tree DNA’s Chief Y-DNA Scientist, Professor Michael Hammer said that "scientific studies as well as records from our own database make it clear that one cannot reach the kind of conclusion featured in the published articles." Based on Family Tree DNA records, no less than 9% of the populations of Germany and Austria belong to the haplogroup E1b1b, and among those, the vast majority - about 80% -are not associated with Jewish ancestry. "This data clearly show that just because one person belongs to the branch of the Y-chromosome referred to as haplogroup E1b1b, that does not mean the person is likely to be of Jewish ancestry," said Professor Hammer. Mulders confirmed the misinterpretation of his account with the following statement to Family Tree DNA: "I never wrote that Hitler was a Jew, or that he had a Jewish grandfather. I only wrote that Hitler's haplogroup is E1b1b, being more common among Berbers, Somalian people and Jews than among overall Germans. This, in order to convey that he was not exactly what during the Third Reich would have been called 'Aryan.' All the rest are speculations of journalists who didn't even take the trouble to read my article, although I had it translated into English especially for this purpose."[60] Interpretations claiming that these DNA results show that Hitler possibly had Jewish ancestry are contradicted by the conclusion of Jean-Paul Mulders: "Hitler had no Jewish blood nor a French son."[61][unreliable source?] [edit]Thomas Jefferson Main article: Jefferson DNA data Direct male-line descendants of a cousin of United States president Thomas Jefferson were DNA tested to investigate historical assertions that Jefferson fathered children with his slave Sally Hemings.[62] An extended 17-marker haplotype was published in 2007,[63] and the company Family Tree DNA has also published results for other markers in its standard first 12-marker panel.[64] Combining these sources gives the consolidated 21-marker haplotype below. The Jeffersons belong to Haplogroup T (former K2). DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 437 460 438 461 462 436 434 435 DXYS 156Y Alleles 13 24 15 10 13 16 11 12 12 12 15 27 14 10 9 11 13 12 11 11 12 (Note: the value of DXYS 156Y was reported as 7 in the original paper. This is believed to translate to 12 in the convention now used by DNA testing labs and online databases). [edit]Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*). This haplogroup has its highest concentration in Ethiopia and in the Near East (Jordan). According to the authors of the study, "Probably Napoléon also knew his remote oriental patrilineal origins, because Francesco Buonaparte (the Giovanni son), who was a mercenary under the orders of the Genoa Republic in Ajaccio in 1490, was nicknamed “The Maur of Sarzane” ".[65] [edit]Niall of the Nine Hostages Main article: Niall of the Nine Hostages A recent study conducted at Trinity College, Dublin,[66] found that a striking percentage of men in Ireland (and quite a few in Scotland) share the same Y chromosome. Results suggested that the 5th-century warlord known as "Niall of the Nine Hostages" (or a male ancestor) may be the male-line ancestor of one in 12 Irishmen. Niall established a dynasty of powerful chieftains who dominated the island for six centuries. Niall belongs to Haplogroup R1b1c7 (M222). It should be noted that Dr. Moore's results examined some different parts of DNA (loci) from the result given here. DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Alleles 13 25 14 11 11 13 12 12 12 13 14 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 18 30 15 16 16 17 Ysearch: M5UKQ [edit]Nurhaci Nurhaci, founding father of the Qing Dynasty, may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup C3c according to DNA tests of men from northeastern China and Mongolia which revealed a unique haplotype. This haplotype belongs to haplogroup C3c, and is estimated to be about five centuries old. Its very recent spread corresponds with the rise to power of the Qing dynasty.[67] Testing of known descendants of Nurhaci would help confirm this finding. [edit]Fred Phelps Main article: Fred Phelps Fred Phelps, the creator of the infamous Westboro Baptist Church, belongs to haplogroup R1b. He descends from James Phelps of Chowan, North Carolina. [68][69] [edit]Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1.[70][71] [edit]Fath Ali Shah Qajar Fath Ali Shah Qajar (1772-1834), the second emperor/shah of the Qajar Dynasty of Persia belonged to haplogroup J1 with DYS388 = 13 as deducted from testing of descendants of several of his sons.[72] [edit]Edmund Rice Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony and a founder of Sudbury and Marlborough, belonged to haplogroup I1.[73] [edit]Rurik of Novgorod Rurik, whose male-line descendants founded Kievan Rus', and ultimately the Tsardom of Russia including Ivan the Terrible until 1598, belonged to the Uralo-Finnic Y-DNA Haplogroup N (N1c1).[74][75] Most living Princes of the Rurik Dynasty or Rurikids also belong to this haplogroup, specifically those descending from Vladimir II Monomakh. The remainder belong to Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) below, and so have been suggested to be of Slavic origin. Person DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Puzyna Alleles 14 23 14 10 11 13 11 12 11 13 14 29 18 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 28 14 14 14 14 Gagarin Alleles 14 23 14 11 11 13 11 12 10 14 14 30 18 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 29 14 15 15 15 Rzhevsky Alleles 14 23 14 11 11 13 11 12 10 14 14 31 18 9 9 10 12 25 14 19 29 14 14 15 15 Kropotkin Alleles 14 23 14 11 11 13 11 12 10 14 14 30 18 9 9 11 12 24 14 19 28 14 14 15 15 Myshetsky Alleles 14 23 14 11 11 13 11 12 11 14 15 30 18 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 32 14 14 15 15 Vadbolsky Alleles 14 23 14 11 11 13 11 12 10 14 14 30 18 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 27 14 14 15 15 Khilkov Alleles 14 23 14 11 11 13 11 12 10 14 14 30 18 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 29 14 14 15 15 Putyatin Alleles 14 23 14 11 11 13 11 12 10 14 14 31 18 9 9 11 12 25 14 19 30 14 14 15 15 Ysearch: EAKVQ, WYAK3, HP2VB, Russian Nobility DNA Project - note, however, that this information originally came from the Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project: [8] [edit]All Russian emperors from at least Nicholas I to Nicholas II "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" The haplotype of Nicholas II of Russia has been predicted to belong to R1b.[36][37] It matched a member of another line of Nicholas I's descendants. So, all the Emperors from Nicholas I to Nicholas II shared this Y-DNA. It can also be said that this result is German-specific, so Paul I was most likely the real son of his official father Peter III, and not the son of a lover, as was speculated.[citation needed][dubious – discuss] It also allowed to validate the remains of Alexei, son of Nicholas II. [edit]Somerled Main articles: Somerled and Clann Somhairle In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of Scotland's greatest warriors, who is credited with driving out the Vikings. He was also paternal grandfather of the founder of Clan Donald. Through clan genealogies, the genetic relation was mapped out.[76] Somerled belongs to haplogroup R1a1. In 2005 a study by Professor of Human Genetics Bryan Sykes of Oxford University led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants - making him the second most common historical ancestor after Genghis Khan.[77] Sykes deduced that despite Somerled's reputation for having driven out the Vikings from Scotland, Somerled's own Y-DNA most closely matched that of the Vikings he fought. The Y-DNA sequence is as follows (12 markers):[78] DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Alleles 13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 Ysearch: YS495 [edit]Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin, from a genetic test on his grandson (his son Vasily's son, Alexander Burdonsky) and his grand-nephew, is shown to be Y-DNA-wise of G2a1.[79] DYS 393 390 19 391 385A 385B 426 388 439 389I 392 389II 458 459A 459B 455 454 447 437 448 449 464A 464B 464C 464D Alleles 14 23 15 9 15 16 11 12 11 11 10 28 17 9 9 11 11 25 16 21 28 13 13 14 14 [edit]Zachary Taylor, William McKinley and Woodrow Wilson All these United States presidents belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1c.[18] [edit]Leo Tolstoy Leo Tolstoy, the Russian writer, belonged to Haplogroup I1 [edit]Tonu Trubetsky R1a1a, shown not related to real Princes Trubetskoy. DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Alleles 13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 31 15 9 10 11 11 25 14 21 32 12 12 14 14 Ysearch: WUZG2 [edit]Colla Uais Main article: Colla Uais Colla Uais had previously been deduced as belonging to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b, based on results from DNA projects, and as having the following haplotype:[18] This identification proved to be ill-founded and has since been revoked.[80] DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Alleles 13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 30 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 17 [edit]The Wright Brothers The Wright Brothers of the United States belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1, subclade E1b1b1a2 (V13). They were supposedly descended from Robert Wright of Brook Hall, Essex, England.[citation needed] Look at Wright DNA Project DYS 393 390 19 391 385A 385B 426 388 439 389I 392 389II Alleles 13 24 13 10 16 18 11 12 12 13 11 29 [81] [edit]Zhu Xi & the Ming Dynasty of China Zhu Xi, the most influential Neo-Confucian scholar and philosopher in Chinese history, may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O2a according to the DNA test of one documented descendant.[82] This finding is significant since Zhu Xi was allegedly a distant cousin several times removed of Zhu Yuanzhang, founding emperor and ancestor of China's Ming Dynasty according to Zhu (surname) records. Given the sample size, however, this result cannot be regarded as conclusive and further testing of other documented descendants of Zhu Xi is necessary to help confirm or refute this finding. Furthermore, testing of documented descendants of Zhu Yuanzhang would help confirm whether there is in fact a recent, common male ancestry between Zhu Xi and the Emperors of the Ming Dynasty. [edit]Figures from popular culture [edit]Al Roker Al Roker, United States broadcaster, belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup E, common among African peoples.[18] [edit]Chris Rock American comedian Chris Rock belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup B (subclade B2a1). He is paternally descended from the Uldeme people of Cameroon.[83] [edit]Desmond Tutu Desmond Tutu, South African activist and Christian cleric, according to a study on Southern African genetics belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1a1g.[21] [edit]Warren Buffett and Jimmy Buffett Warren Buffett and Jimmy Buffett belong to Y-DNA haplogroup I1 which is most common in and around Scandinavia.[84] However, they are not closely related.[85] [edit]Matt Lauer Matt Lauer belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup J.[18] [edit]Spencer Wells Spencer Wells, the project director of The Genographic Project, is a member of haplogroup R1b.[86] [edit]Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela, former President of South Africa, belongs to Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA) (also known as E-M2) typical of Bantu peoples.[22][24] [edit]Wyatt Emory Cooper and Anderson Cooper Wyatt Emory Cooper and Anderson Cooper belong to Y-DNA haplogroup R1a.[18] [edit]William Welles Hollister William Welles Hollister, a famous Californian rancher, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1. William was a direct descendant of John Hollister, an early colonist who immigrated to New England in 1612. [87][88] [edit]Tom Hanks American actor Tom Hanks, a descendant of William Hanks of Richmond, Virginia, belongs to haplogroup R1a1.[89][90] [edit]See also Ancient DNA Archaeogenetics Genealogical DNA testing List of DNA tested mummies List of Y-STR markers Paleogenetics Prehistoric demography Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups Archaeogenetics of the Near East Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Genetic history of Africa Genetic history of Europe Genetic history of Italy Genetic history of North Africa Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula Genetic history of the British Isles Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Molecular Anthropology portal Evolutionary biology portal [edit]References ^ "Using mtDNA to track the case of Louis XVII, son of Marie Antoinette". Genebase.com. 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"Charlie Rose". ^ "Hollister DNA Project". ^ "William Welles Hollister 1818 - Hanover Licking Ohio". ^ "Ancestry of Tom Hanks". ^ "Hanks DNA Project". [edit]External links Famous DNA Matching Genghis Khan DNA results from the Shroud of Turin Evidence of the Past: A Map and Status of Ancient Remains [show] v t e Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations [show] v t e Human genetics Categories: DNAGenetic genealogyHuman mtDNA haplogroupsHuman Y-DNA haplogroups Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages 中文 Edit links This page was last modified on 19 April 2013 at 01:15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Post by ben on Apr 21, 2013 18:32:02 GMT -5
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In evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share common descent if they have a common ancestor. There is strong quantitative support for the theory that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor.[1][2]
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species, twice stating the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life forms and ending with "There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one".[3] The theory asserts that all currently living organisms on Earth share a common genetic heritage with each being the descendant from a single original species, though the suggestion of substantial horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about monophyly of life.[1]
The last universal ancestor (LUA) (also called the last universal common ancestor, LUCA), that is, the most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms,[1] is believed to have appeared about 3.9 billion years ago.[4][5]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Evidence of universal common descent
2.1 Common biochemistry and genetic code
2.1.1 Selectively neutral similarities
2.1.2 Other similarities
2.2 Phylogenetic trees
3 Illustrations of common descent
3.1 Artificial selection
3.1.1 Dog breeding
3.1.2 Wild cabbage
3.2 Natural selection
3.2.1 Darwin's finches
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
[edit]History
See also: History of evolutionary thought
In the 1740s, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made the first known suggestion in a series of essays that all organisms may have had a common ancestor, and that they had diverged through random variation and natural selection.[6][7] In Essai de Cosmologie, Maupertuis noted:
Could one not say that, in the fortuitous combinations of the productions of nature, as there must be some characterized by a certain relation of fitness which are able to subsist, it is not to be wondered at that this fitness is present in all the species that are currently in existence? Chance, one would say, produced an innumerable multitude of individuals; a small number found themselves constructed in such a manner that the parts of the animal were able to satisfy its needs; in another infinitely greater number, there was neither fitness nor order: all of these latter have perished. Animals lacking a mouth could not live; others lacking reproductive organs could not perpetuate themselves ... The species we see today are but the smallest part of what blind destiny has produced ...[8]
In 1790, Immanuel Kant wrote in Kritik der Urtheilskraft (Critique of Judgement) that the analogy of animal forms implies a common original type, and thus a common parent.[9]
In 1795, Charles Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, asked:
[W]ould it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which the great First Cause endued with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions, and associations; and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end?[10]
In 1859, Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was published. The views about common descent expressed therein were that it was possible that there was only one progenitor for all life forms.
"Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed." [3] (p 484)
Darwin's famous closing sentence describes the "grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one."[3] (p 490)
[edit]Evidence of universal common descent
Main article: Evidence of common descent
[edit]Common biochemistry and genetic code
All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation: genetic information encoded in DNA, transcribed into RNA, through the effect of protein- and RNA-enzymes, then translated into proteins by (highly similar) ribosomes, with ATP, NADPH and others as energy sources, etc. Furthermore, the genetic code (the "translation table" according to which DNA information is translated into proteins) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from bacteria and archaea to animals and plants. The universality of this code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent. Analysis of the small differences in the genetic code has also provided support for universal common descent. An example would be Cytochrome c which most organisms actually share. [11] A statistical comparison of various alternative hypotheses has shown that universal common ancestry is significantly more probable than models involving multiple origins.[1][12]
[edit]Selectively neutral similarities
Similarities which have no adaptive relevance cannot be explained by convergent evolution, and therefore they provide compelling support for the theory of universal common descent.
Such evidence has come from two areas: amino acid sequences and DNA sequences. Proteins with the same three-dimensional structure need not have identical amino acid sequences; any irrelevant similarity between the sequences is evidence for common descent. In certain cases, there are several codons (DNA triplets) that code for the same amino acid. Thus, if two species use the same codon at the same place to specify an amino acid that can be represented by more than one codon, that is evidence for a recent common ancestor.
[edit]Other similarities
The universality of many aspects of cellular life is often pointed to as supportive evidence to the more compelling evidence listed above. These similarities include the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the fact that all amino acids found in proteins are left-handed. It is, however, possible that these similarities resulted because of the laws of physics and chemistry, rather than universal common descent and therefore resulted in convergent evolution.
[edit]Phylogenetic trees
A phylogenetic tree based on rRNA genes.
See also: Tree of life (science)
Another important piece of evidence is that it is possible to construct detailed phylogenetic trees (that is, "genealogic trees" of species) mapping out the proposed divisions and common ancestors of all living species. In 2010 an analysis of available genetic data, mapping them to phylogenetic trees, gave "firm quantitative support for the unity of life. ...there is now strong quantitative support, by a formal test,[1] for the unity of life.[2] It should be noted, however, the 'formal' test is criticised[13] for not including consideration of convergent evolution, and Theobald has defended the method against this claim.[14][15]
Traditionally, these trees have been built using morphological methods, such as appearance, embryology, etc. Recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data, based on similarities and differences between genetic and protein sequences. All these methods produce essentially similar results, even though most genetic variation has no influence over external morphology. That phylogenetic trees based on different types of information agree with each other is strong evidence of a real underlying common descent.[16]
[edit]Illustrations of common descent
For more details on this topic, see Evidence of common descent.
[edit]Artificial selection
Artificial selection demonstrates the diversity that can exist among organisms that share a relatively recent common ancestor. In artificial selection, one species is bred selectively at each generation, allowing only those organisms that exhibit desired characteristics to reproduce. These characteristics become increasingly well-developed in successive generations. Artificial selection was successful long before science discovered the genetic basis.
The Chihuahua mix and Great Dane illustrate the range of sizes among dog breeds.
[edit]Dog breeding
Main article: Dog breeding
The diversity of domesticated dogs is an example of the power of artificial selection. All breeds share common ancestry, having descended from wolves. Humans selectively bred them to enhance specific characteristics, such as color and length or body size. This created a range of breeds that include the Chihuahua, Great Dane, Basset Hound, Pug, and Poodle. Wild wolves, which did not undergo artificial selection, are relatively uniform in comparison.
[edit]Wild cabbage
Wild Cabbage plant
Main article: Brassica oleracea
Early farmers cultivated many popular vegetables from the Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage) by artificially selecting for certain attributes. Common vegetables such as cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi and Brussels sprouts are all descendants of the wild cabbage plant.[17][page needed] Brussels sprouts were created by artificially selecting for large bud size. Broccoli was bred by selecting for large flower stalks. Cabbage was created by selecting for short petioles. Kale was bred by selecting for large leaves.
[edit]Natural selection
Main article: Natural selection
Darwin's finches
Natural selection is the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that increase an individual's fitness become more common, and heritable traits that decrease an individual's fitness become less common.
[edit]Darwin's finches
Main article: Darwin's finches
During Charles Darwin's studies on the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed 13 species of finches that are closely related and differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks. The beak of each species is suited to the food available in its particular environment, suggesting that beak shapes evolved by natural selection. Large beaks were found on the islands where the primary source of food for the finches are nuts and therefore the large beaks allowed the birds to be better equipped for opening the nuts and staying well nourished. Slender beaks were found on the finches which found insects to be the best source of food on the island they inhabited; their slender beaks allowed the birds to be better equipped for pulling out the insects from their tiny hiding places. The finch is also found on the main land and it is thought that they migrated to the islands and began adapting to their environment through natural selection.
[edit]See also
Book: Evolution
[edit]References
^ a b c d e A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry (13 May 2010). "A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry.". Nature 465 (7295): 219–222. doi:10.1038/nature09014. PMID 20463738.
^ a b Steel, Mike; Penny, David (2010). "Origins of life: Common ancestry put to the test". Nature 465 (7295): 168–9. doi:10.1038/465168a. PMID 20463725.
^ a b c Darwin, C., "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle For Life", London, John Murrary, (1859) p. 490
^ Doolittle, WF (February 2000). "Uprooting the tree of life". Scientific American 282 (6): 90–95. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90. PMID 10710791.
^ Glansdorff, N; Xu, Y; Labedan, B (2008). "The last universal common ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner.". Biology direct 3 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29. PMC 2478661. PMID 18613974.
^ J. S. Bromley, The new Cambridge modern history: The rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688-1715/25, CUP Archive, 1970, ISBN 978-0-521-07524-4, pgs. 62-63.
^ Geoffrey Russell Richards Treasure, The making of modern Europe, 1648-1780, Taylor & Francis, 1985, ISBN 978-0-416-72370-0, pg. 142
^ C. Leon Harris, Evolution, genesis and revelations, with readings from Empedocles to Wilson, SUNY Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-87395-487-7, pg. 107
^ Immanuel Kant and Werner S. Pluhar, Critique of Judgment, Hackett Publishing, 1987, ISBN 978-0-87220-025-8, p. 304: "Despite all the variety among these forms, they seem to have been produced according to a common archetype, and this analogy among them reinforces our suspicion that they are actually akin, produced by a common original mother."
^ Darwin, Erasmus (1818) [1795]. "Generation". Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life 1 (4th American ed.). Philadelphia: Edward Earle. p. 397 [§ 39.4.8]. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
^ Knight, Robin, et al. (January 2001). "Rewiring the Keyboard: Evolvability of the Genetic Code". Nature Reviews Genetics 2 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1038/35047500. PMID 11253070.
^ Than, Ker (14 May 2010). "All Species Evolved From Single Cell, Study Finds". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
^ Yonezawa, Takahiro; Hasegawa, Masami (16 December 2010). "Was the universal common ancestry proved?". Nature 468 (7326): E9–E9. doi:10.1038/nature09482.
^ Theobald, D. L. (16 December 2010). "Theobald reply". Nature 468 (7326): E10–E10. doi:10.1038/nature09483.
^ Theobald, D. L. (2011). "On universal common ancestry, sequence similarity, and phylogenetic structure: The sins of P-values and the virtues of Bayesian evidence". Biology Direct 6 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-6-60. PMC 3314578. PMID 22114984.
^ Theobald, Douglas (2004). "Prediction 1.3: Consilience of Independent Phylogenies". 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution. TalkOrigins Foundation. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
^ Raven, Peter H., et al. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th rev. ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-6284-6. OCLC 183148564. "[These vegetables were] all produced from a single species of plant (Brassica oleraca), a member of the mustard family."
[edit]External links
29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: the Scientific Case for Common Descent. From the TalkOrigins Archive
The Tree of Life Web Project
[hide] v t e
Origin of life
Quasispecies model Protobiont Universal common descent Last universal ancestor RNA world hypothesis Iron–sulfur world theory PAH world hypothesis Miller–Urey experiment Panspermia
Categories: Evolutionary biology
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Post by ben on Apr 21, 2013 18:35:00 GMT -5
Adam Eve Cain Abel idk
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Post by ben on Apr 21, 2013 18:38:34 GMT -5
Ten commandments
Ten Commandments
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Ten Commandments (disambiguation).
"Decalogue" redirects here. For other uses, see Decalogue (disambiguation).
This 1768 parchment (612×502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Ten Commandments at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue.[1]
The Ten Commandments, also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical laws relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. They include instructions to worship only God, to keep the sabbath holy and prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, deception and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for interpreting and numbering them.
The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. According to the story in Exodus, God inscribed them on two stone tablets, which he gave to Moses on Mount Sinai. Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them.
Contents [hide]
1 Terminology
2 The revelation at Sinai
3 Texts with numbering schemes
4 Importance within Judaism and Christianity
5 Religious interpretations
5.1 Judaism
5.1.1 The two tablets
5.1.2 Significance of the Decalogue
5.1.3 Use In Jewish ritual
5.2 Samaritan
5.3 Christianity
5.3.1 Reference by Jesus
5.3.2 Reference by Paul
5.3.3 Catholicism
5.3.4 Lutheranism
5.3.5 New Covenant Theology
5.4 Islam
5.5 Main points of interpretative difference
5.5.1 Sabbath day
5.5.2 Killing or murder
5.5.3 You shall not steal
5.5.4 Idolatry
6 Critical historical analysis
6.1 Early theories
6.2 Hittite treaties
6.3 Dating
6.4 The Ritual Decalogue
7 United States debate over display on public property
8 Cultural references
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
[edit]Terminology
Part of a series on
The Ten
Commandments
Ten Commandments
The commandments
I am the LORD thy God
Thou shalt have no other gods
No graven images or likenesses
Not take the LORD's name in vain
Remember the sabbath day
Honour thy father and thy mother
Thou shalt not kill
Thou shalt not commit adultery
Thou shalt not steal
Thou shalt not bear false witness
Thou shalt not covet
Related articles
Tablets of Stone
Ritual Decalogue
Catholic doctrine view
In biblical Hebrew, the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים (transliterated Asereth ha-D'bharîm) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות (transliterated Asereth ha-Dibroth), both translatable as "the ten words", "the ten sayings" or "the ten matters".[2] The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used "ten verses". The Geneva Bible appears to be the first to use "tenne commandements", which was followed by the Bishops' Bible and the Authorized Version (the "King James" version) as "ten commandments". Most major English versions follow the Authorized Version.[3]
The English name "Decalogue" is derived from Greek δεκάλογος, dekalogos, the latter meaning and referring[4] to the Greek translation (in accusative) δέκα λόγους, deka logous, "ten words", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28[3] and Deuteronomy 10:4.[5]
The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called לוחות הברית: Luchot HaBrit, meaning "the tablets of the covenant".
[edit]The revelation at Sinai
The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai, (also called Horeb). In the morning of the "third day" of their encampment, "there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud", and the people assembled at the base of the mount. After "the LORD[6] came down upon mount Sinai", Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people, and then in Exodus 20 "God spoke" to all the people the words of the covenant, "even ten commandments"[7] as it is written. The people were afraid to hear more and moved "afar off" and even Moses said, "I exceedingly fear and quake".[8] Nevertheless, he drew near the "thick darkness"[9] to hear the additional statutes and "judgments", (Exodus 21–23) all which he "wrote"[10] in the "book of the covenant"[11] which he read to the people the next morning, and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the LORD had said. Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and "seventy of the elders of Israel" to a location on the mount where they worshipped "afar off"[12] and they "saw the God of Israel" above a "paved work" like clear sapphire stone. (Exodus 24:1-11)
And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tables of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. 13 And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God.
—First mention of the tablets in Exodus 24:12,13
Moses with the Ten Commandments by Rembrandt (1659)
The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, after which Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was "in the mount forty days and forty nights." (Exodus 24:16-18) And Moses said, "the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly." (Deuteronomy 9:10) Before the full forty days expired, the children of Israel decided that something happened to Moses, and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf, and he "built an altar before it" (Ex.32:1–5) and the people "worshipped" the calf. (Ex.32:6–8) After the full forty days, Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tables of stone: "And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount." (Ex.32:19) After the events in chapters 32 and 33, the LORD told Moses, "Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou brakest." (Ex.34:1) "And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me." (Deuteronomy 10:4)
According to Jewish tradition, Exodus 20:1–17 constitutes God's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tables,[13] which were broken in pieces by Moses, and later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant;[14] and Deuteronomy 5:4–20 consists of God's re-telling of the ten commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the promised land. The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements, totalling 14 or 15 in all.
[edit]Texts with numbering schemes
The two texts commonly known as the Ten Commandments are given in two books of the Bible: Exodus 20:1-17 and Deuteronomy 5:4–21.
Different religious groups use different divisions of Exodus 20:1–17 into ten parts[15] tabulated below:
Phi. The Philonic division is the oldest, from the writings of Philo and Josephus (first century), which labels verse 3 as number 1, verses 4–6 as number 2, and so on. Groups that generally follow this scheme include Hellenistic Jews, Greek Orthodox and Protestants except Lutherans. Most representations of the commandments include the prologue of verse 2 as either part of the first commandment or as a preface.[citation needed][16][17][18]
Aug. The Augustinian division (fifth century) makes an extra commandment by dividing the prohibition on coveting into two. Both Roman Catholics and Martin Luther adopted the Augustinian method. Roman Catholics use Deuteronomy by default when quoting the Ten Commandments whereas Luther used the Exodus version.[citation needed]
The Ten Commandments
Phi Aug Main article Exodus 20:1-17 Deuteronomy 5:4-21
— — 1 And God spoke all these words, saying, 4–5 The LORD spoke with you face to face at the mountain, out of the midst of the fire, while I stood between the LORD and you at that time, to declare to you the word of the LORD. For you were afraid because of the fire, and you did not go up into the mountain. He said:
Pre — I am the Lord thy God 2 “I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. 6 “‘I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.
1 1 Thou shalt have no other gods before me 3 “You shall have no other gods before me. 7 “‘You shall have no other gods before me.
2 1 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4–6 “You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I the LORD your God am a jealous God,visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments. 8–10 “‘You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I the LORD your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.
3 2 Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain 7 “You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain, for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain. 11 “‘You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain, for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.
4 3 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 8–11 “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, you, or your son, or your daughter, your male servant, or your female servant, or your livestock, or the sojourner who is within your gates. For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. 12–15 “‘Observe the Sabbath day, to keep it holy, as the LORD your God commanded you. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, you or your son or your daughter or your male servant or your female servant, or your ox or your donkey or any of your livestock, or the sojourner who is within your gates, that your male servant and your female servant may rest as well as you. You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the LORD your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm. Therefore the LORD your God commanded you to keep the Sabbath day.
5 4 Honour thy father and thy mother 12 “Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you. 16 “‘Honor your father and your mother, as the LORD your God commanded you, that your days may be long, and that it may go well with you in the land that the LORD your God is giving you.
6 5 Thou shalt not kill 13 “You shall not murder. 17 “‘You shall not murder.
7 6 Thou shalt not commit adultery 14 “You shall not commit adultery. 18 “‘And you shall not commit adultery.
8 7 Thou shalt not steal 15 “You shall not steal. 19 “‘And you shall not steal.
9 8 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour 16 “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 20 “‘And you shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
10 9–10 Thou shalt not covet 17 “You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his male servant, or his female servant, or his ox, or his donkey, or anything that is your neighbor's.” 21 “‘And you shall not covet your neighbor's wife. And you shall not desire your neighbor's house, his field, or his male servant, or his female servant, his ox, or his donkey, or anything that is your neighbor's.’
According to Exodus, after Moses smashes the tablets containing the original Ten Commandments, God commands Moses to write a new set of Ten Commandments, known as the Ritual Decalogue, which diverge from the original ten:
The Ritual Decalogue
# Main article Exodus 34:10-28 Parallel in Exodus 20:1-17
— 10 And he said, 1 And God spoke all these words, saying,
Pre 10-11 “Behold, I am making a covenant. Before all your people I will do marvels, such as have not been created in all the earth or in any nation. And all the people among whom you are shall see the work of the LORD, for it is an awesome thing that I will do with you. Observe what I command you this day. 2 “I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.
1 You shall have no other gods before me 11-16 “Behold, I will drive out before you the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites. Take care, lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land to which you go, lest it become a snare in your midst. You shall tear down their altars and break their pillars and cut down their Asherim (for you shall worship no other god, for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God), lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and when they whore after their gods and sacrifice to their gods and you are invited, you eat of his sacrifice, and you take of their daughters for your sons, and their daughters whore after their gods and make your sons whore after their gods. 3 “You shall have no other gods before me.
2 You shall not make for yourself an idol 17 “You shall not make for yourself any gods of cast metal. 4–6 “You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I the LORD your God am a jealous God,visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.
3 Passover 18 “You shall keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the time appointed in the month Abib, for in the month Abib you came out from Egypt.
4 19-20 “All that open the womb are mine, all your male livestock, the firstborn of cow and sheep. The firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb, or if you will not redeem it you shall break its neck. All the firstborn of your sons you shall redeem. And none shall appear before me empty-handed.
5 Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy 21 “Six days you shall work, but on the seventh day you shall rest. In plowing time and in harvest you shall rest. 8–11 “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, you, or your son, or your daughter, your male servant, or your female servant, or your livestock, or the sojourner who is within your gates. For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
6 Shavuot, Sukkot 22-24 “You shall observe the Feast of Weeks, the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the Feast of Ingathering at the year's end. Three times in the year shall all your males appear before the LORD God, the God of Israel. For I will cast out nations before you and enlarge your borders; no one shall covet your land, when you go up to appear before the LORD your God three times in the year.
7 25 “You shall not offer the blood of my sacrifice with anything leavened,
8 25 “or let the sacrifice of the Feast of the Passover remain until the morning.
9 26 “The best of the firstfruits of your ground you shall bring to the house of the LORD your God.
10 26 “You shall not boil a young goat in its mother's milk.”
Post 27-28 And the LORD said to Moses, “Write these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.” So he was there with the LORD forty days and forty nights. He neither ate bread nor drank water. And he wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the Ten Commandments.
All scripture quotes above are from the English Standard Version. Click on verses at top of columns for other versions.
[edit]Importance within Judaism and Christianity
Herbert Huffmon considers the Ten Commandments to concern matters of fundamental importance: the greatest obligation (to worship only God), the greatest injury to a person (murder), the greatest injury to family bonds (adultery), the greatest injury to commerce and law (bearing false witness), the greatest inter-generational obligation (honor to parents), the greatest obligation to community (truthfulness), the greatest injury to moveable property (theft).[19]
Huffmon writes that the Ten Commandments were written with room for varying interpretation because they are fundamental.[19] They are not as explicit[19] or detailed as rules and regulations[20] or many other biblical laws and commandments, because they provide guiding principles that apply universally, across changing circumstances. They do not specify punishments for their violation. Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation.[20]
Various aspects of the Bible have been considered indications of a special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Old Testament laws. They have a uniquely terse style.[21] Of all the biblical laws and commandments, the Ten Commandments alone[21] were "written with the finger of God" (Exodus 31:18). And lastly, the stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:21).[21]
In Judaism, the Ten Commandments provide God's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong.[22][23]
In some traditions, worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance[24] even though many rabbis, including Maimonides, have come out against this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot.[25] (See below: Use In Jewish Ritual.)
The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments.[26] A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken.[27]
In Roman Catholicism, Jesus freed Christians from the Jewish obligation to keep the 613 mitzvot, but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments.[28] They are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order.[28]
Even after rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology, giving less importance to biblical law in order to better hear and be moved by the gospel, early Protestant theologians still took the Ten Commandments to be the starting point of Christian moral life.[29] Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic.[29] Where Catholicism emphasizes taking action to fulfill the Ten Commandments, Protestantism uses the Ten Commandments for two purposes: to outline the Christian life to each person, and to make each person realize, through their failure to live that life, that they lack the ability to do it on their own.[29] Thus for Protestant Christianity, the Ten Commandments primarily serve to lead each Christian to the grace of God.
[edit]Religious interpretations
[edit]Judaism
[edit]The two tablets
The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, "but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other".[30] Because the commandments establish a covenant, it is likely that they were duplicated on both tablets. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of Ancient Egypt, in which a copy was made for each party.[31]
According to the Talmud, the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law, tradition, and interpretation, the biblical verse "the tablets were written on both their sides",[32] implies that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets. The stones in the center part of some letters were not connected to the rest of the tablet, but they did not fall out. Moreover, the writing was also legible from both sides; it was not a mirror image of the text on the other side. The Talmud regards both phenomena as miraculous.[33]
[edit]Significance of the Decalogue
The Ten Commandments are not given any greater significance in observance or special status. In fact, when undue emphasis was being placed on them, their daily communal recitation was discontinued.[34] Jewish tradition does, however, recognize them as the theological basis for the rest of the commandments; a number of works (starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon) have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments.
The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people, and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws (several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments). In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty, the exceptions being the First Commandment, honoring your father and mother, saying God's name in vain, and coveting, though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law.
[edit]Use In Jewish ritual
Ten commandments on glass plate
During the period of the Second Temple, the Ten Commandments were recited daily.[24] The Mishnah records that in the Temple, it was the practice to recite them every day before the reading of the Shema Yisrael (as preserved, for example, in the Nash Papyrus, a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150–100 BCE found in Egypt, containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema); but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law,[35] or so as to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah.[24] In later centuries, rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments, and not also by many other biblical and talmudic laws, such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath.[24]
Today, the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year: as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy, and during the festival of Shavuot.[24] The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January–February, and on the festival of Shavuot, and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August–September.
In printed Chumashim, as well as in those in manuscript form, the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks. The ta'am 'elyon (upper accentuation), which makes each Commandment into a separate verse, is used for public Torah reading, while the ta'am tachton (lower accentuation), which divides the text into verses of more even length, is used for private reading or study. The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton. In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20:2–14 and Deuteronomy 5:6–18.
[edit]Samaritan
The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages, both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in the addition of a commandment on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim.
The text of the commandment follows:
And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it, thou shalt erect unto thee large stones, and thou shalt cover them with lime, and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law, and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan, ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim, and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God, an altar of stones, and thou shalt not lift upon them iron, of perfect stones shalt thou build thine altar, and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God, and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings, and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God. That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem.[36]
[edit]Christianity
Main article: Christian views on the old covenant
[edit]Reference by Jesus
See also: Expounding of the Law
During his sermon on the mount, Jesus explicitly reference the prohibitions against murder and adultery, and elaborates on their implications.
In the Gospel of Matthew 19:16–19, Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments, followed by that commandment called "the second" (Mat.22:34–40) after the first and great commandment.
Matthew 19:16 And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life?
17 And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments.
18 He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness,
19 Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
— Matthew 19:16-19 KJV
Compare with Mark & Luke. See also the Hebrew Gospel.
[edit]Reference by Paul
In his epistle to the Romans, the apostle Paul also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment.
Romans 13:8 Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law.
9 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.
— Romans 13:8-10 KJV
[edit]Catholicism
Main article: Catholic doctrine regarding the Ten Commandments
According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church—the official exposition of the Catholic Church's Christian beliefs—the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth,[37] and serve as the basis for social justice.[38] Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers.[39] In the New Testament, Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further, demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees.[40] Summarized by Jesus into two "great commandments" that teach the love of God and love of neighbor,[41] they instruct individuals on their relationships with both.
[edit]Lutheranism
See also: Law and Gospel
The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine, following the then current synagogue scribal division. The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans, the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people, and the last two govern private thoughts. See Luther's Small Catechism[42] and Large Catechism.[43]
[edit]New Covenant Theology
Main article: New Covenant Theology
New Covenant Theology (NCT) is a recently expressed Christian theological view of redemptive history which claims that all Old Covenant laws have been cancelled[44] in favor of the Law of Christ or New Covenant law of the New Testament. This can be summarized as the ethical expectation found in the New Testament. New Covenant Theology does not reject all religious law, they only reject Old Covenant law. NCT is in contrast with other views on biblical law in that most others do not believe the Ten Commandments and Divine laws of the Old Covenant have been cancelled and prefer the term "Supersessionism" (rather than "cancelled" or "abrogated") for the rest. In 2001, Richard Barcellos, an associate professor and pastor of a Reformed Baptist Church in California, published a critique of NCT for proposing that the Ten Commandments have been cancelled.[45]
[edit]Islam
Musa
Moses - (Mūsa - موسى)
Related Articles[hide]
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See also: Moses in Islam and Islamic ethics#Moral commandments
The Qur'an states that tablets were given to Moses, without quoting their contents explicitly:
"And We ordained laws for him in the tablets in all matters, both commanding and explaining all things, (and said): 'Take and hold these with firmness, and enjoin thy people to hold fast by the best in the precepts: soon shall I show you the homes of the wicked,- (How they lie desolate).'" (Quran 7:145)
These tablets are not broken in the Qur'an, but picked up later:
"When Moses came back to his people, angry and grieved, he said: 'Evil it is that ye have done in my place in my absence: did ye make haste to bring on the judgment of your Lord?' He put down the tablets, seized his brother by (the hair of) his head, and dragged him to him..." (Quran 7:150). "When the anger of Moses was appeased, he took up the tablets: in the writing thereon was guidance and Mercy for such as fear their Lord." (Quran 7:154).
[edit]Main points of interpretative difference
[edit]Sabbath day
Main articles: Sabbath in Christianity and Shabbat
Sabbath in Christianity is a weekly day of rest or religious observance, derived from the sabbath.[46] Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance. Most dictionaries provide both first-day and seventh-day definitions for "sabbath" and "Sabbatarian", among other related uses.
Until the 2nd and 3rd century Christians kept the Jewish Sabbath, with the practice of Sunday, the day of resurrection, gradually becoming the dominant day of observance from the Jewish-Roman wars onward; until this Christianity was predominantly still a Jewish sect. The Church's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea (4th Century AD) where Canons 37–38 state: "It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them" and "It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety".[47] Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specificially refers to the sabbath: "Christians must not judaize by resting on the [Jewish] Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honoring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema (excommunicated) from Christ."[47]
[edit]Killing or murder
Main article: You shall not murder
The Sixth Commandment, as translated by the Book of Common Prayer (1549).
The image is from the altar screen of the Temple Church near the Law Courts in London.
Multiple translations exist of the fifth/sixth commandment; the Hebrew words לא תרצח (lo tirtzach) are variously translated as "thou shalt not kill" or "thou shalt not murder".[48]
The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt.[49] The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing, but also allows for justified killing in the context of warfare (1Kings 2:5–6), capital punishment (Leviticus 20:9–16) and self-defence (Exodus 22:2–3). The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil,[50] and maintains the Old Testament view of bloodguilt.[51]
[edit]You shall not steal
Main article: You shall not steal
Significant voices among academic theologians (such as German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt: Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog (1953)) suggest that commandment "you shall not steal" was originally intended against stealing people—against abductions and slavery, in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as "you shall not kidnap" (Sanhedrin 86a).
[edit]Idolatry
Main articles: Idolatry, Idolatry in Judaism, and Idolatry in Christianity
In Christianity's earliest centuries, some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints, while some thought it inappropriate; no church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry. The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century, during the period of iconoclasm: the smashing of icons. In 726, Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches; in 730, a council forbade veneration of images, citing the Second Commandment; in 787, the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings, condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images; in 815, Leo V called yet another council, which reinstated iconoclasm; in 843, Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons.[52] This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation, when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council "emanated from Satan".[52] Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues, pictures, stained glass, and artistic masterpieces.[52]
The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent.[52] Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God, the Father, remain prohibited, depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible. To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation, the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions, but prefers a two-dimensional depiction[53] as a reminder of this theological aspect. Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal.[52] In modern use (usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence), more naturalistic images and images of the Father, however, also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches, but statues, i.e. three-dimensional depictions, continue to be banned.[53]
The Roman Catholic Church holds that one may build and use "likenesses", as long as the object is not worshipped. Many Roman Catholic Churches and services feature images; some feature statues. For Roman Catholics, this practice is understood as fulfilling the Second Commandment, as they understand that these images are not being worshipped.
For Jews and Muslims, veneration violates the Second Commandment. Jews and Muslims read this commandment as prohibiting the use of idols and images in any way.
Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form, while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven.
Strict Amish people forbid any sort of image, such as photographs.
[edit]Critical historical analysis
[edit]Early theories
Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts.
The classic form of higher criticism was Julius Wellhausen's documentary hypothesis (see JEDP), first published in 1878. According to his scheme, Exodus 20-23 and 34 were composed by the J or Jehovist writer and "might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel."[54] Deuteronomy 5 would then reflect Josiah's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition.
In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position, Dr. Bernard M. Levinson has argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective, and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's polemic against Judaism, which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical. Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt. Sinai would have emphasized rituals, and that the "ethical" Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date, when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah, Jesus Christ. Dr. Levinson points out that there is no evidence, internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources, to support this conjecture. He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of this polemic that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical.[55]
By the 1930s, historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion. Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance, while taking different form, at different times. This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20: 2-17 and Exodus 34: 10-28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history. For example, critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE, but believes that they express a theology that "had already been normalized in the period of the Judges" (i.e. of the tribal alliance).[56] He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as "a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people"[57] but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, along with other evidence, as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin.[58]
[edit]Hittite treaties
According to John Bright, however, there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the "book of the covenant" (Exodus 21-23 and 34:10–24). The Decalogue, he argues, was modeled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites (and other Mesopotamian Empires), that is, represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal, and enacts that bond.[59]
"The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts.. (compare with Exodus 20:2 "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.") The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals, which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire, or enmity between those within." [60] (Exodus 20:3 "You shall have no other gods before Me.") Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code, its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king's power.[61]
Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document, identifying it with king Asa's reforms in 899 BCE.[62] Bright, however, believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance. The book of the covenant, he notes, bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes (e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele). He argues that the function of this "book" is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law: "The Book of the Covenant (Ex., chs. 21 to 23; cf. ch. 34), which is no official state law, but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges, is the best example of this process."[63] According to Bright, then, this body of law too predates the monarchy.[64]
Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue`s instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu, evident especially in the formulation of "no-other-gods-before-me" commandment.[65]
[edit]Dating
If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms that would date it somewhere between the 14th-12th century BCE.[66] Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that "the astonishing composition came together... in the seventh century BCE".[67] Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann (1960) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah.[68] An even later date (after 586 BCE) is suggested by David H. Aaron.[69]
[edit]The Ritual Decalogue
Main article: Ritual Decalogue
Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34:28[70] identifies a different list as the ten commandments, that of Exodus 34:11–27.[71] Since this passage does not prohibit murder, adultery, theft, etc., but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh, some scholars call it the "Ritual Decalogue", and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the "Ethical Decalogue".[72][73][74][75]
According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events. On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor (Redactor) but otherwise left intact from the original, frequently side by side.[76]
Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20:1-17 "does not appear to belong to any of the major sources. It is likely to be an independent document, which was inserted here by the Redactor."[77] In his view, the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative. In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor (or RJE), adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered. "In the combined JE text, it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets, as if there were no history to this matter, so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered."[78] He writes that Exodus 34:14-26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments: "The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5)... The other seven commandments here are completely different."[79] He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood. The writer has Moses smash the tablets "because this raised doubts about the Judah's central religious shrine" [80]
According to Kaufmann, the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God's presence in Israel: the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant, while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people.[68]
[edit]United States debate over display on public property
See also: Roy Moore, Van Orden v. Perry, and Separation of church and state in the United States
Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol in Austin.
There have been recurring disputes in the United States concerning the posting of the ten commandments on public property. Certain conservative religious groups[who?] have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life. In response, they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings. Posting the Decalogue on a public building can take a sectarian stance, if numbered. Protestants and Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and Jews number the commandments differently. However, this problem can be circumnavigated by simply not numbering the commandments, as was done at the Texas capitol (shown here). Hundreds of these monuments—including some of those causing dispute—were originally placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments.[81]
Others oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property, arguing that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
In contrast, groups supporting the public display of the ten commandments[who?] claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society, and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present day legal codes. Also, some[who?] argue that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment's guarantee of freedom of religion.
The Ten Commandments by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the townhall of Wittenberg, (detail)
U.S. legislators counter that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo-Christian religions. The statement "Thou shalt have no other gods before me" excludes Hinduism and Zoroastrianism for example, which are not Judeo-Christian, monotheistic religions. Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not, there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine. Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety. The perception that a US state church has been established is viewed as repugnant, the impression being that the intent of the establishment clause regarding freedom of religion is undermined.
In addition, it has been argued[citation needed] if the Commandments are posted, it would require that members of other religions be allowed to post the particular tenets of their religions as well. For example, an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments. The cases were won on the grounds that Summum's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination. Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument, the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments.
Some religious Jews[who?] oppose the posting of the ten commandments in public schools, as they feel it is wrong for public schools to teach their children Judaism. The argument is that if a Jewish parent wishes to teach their child to be a Jew, then this education should come only from practicing Jews. This position is based on the demographic fact that the vast majority of public school teachers in the United States are not Jews; the same is true for the students. This same reasoning and position is also held by many believers in other religions. Many Christians have some concerns about this as well; for example, can Catholic parents count on Protestant or Orthodox Christian teachers to tell their children their particular understanding of the commandments? Differences in the interpretation and translation of these commandments, as noted above, can sometimes be significant.
Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings. Opponents of these displays include a number of religious groups, including some Christian denominations,[who?] both because they don't want government to be issuing religious doctrine, and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious. Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society. In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society, other legal organizations, such as the Liberty Counsel, have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation.
[edit]Cultural references
Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille, a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses, and a color VistaVision version of 1956, starring Charlton Heston as Moses. The Decalogue, a 1988 Polish film, and The Ten, a 2007 American film, use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories.[82]
[edit]See also
List of artifacts significant to the Bible
Sin
The Ten Commandments (2007 film)
Non Judeo-Christian:
Code of Ur-Nammu (2050 BCE)
Code of Hammurabi ( 1772 BCE )
Maat, 42 confessions, ' The negative confession ' (1500 BCE) of Papyrus of Ani, also known as The declaration of innocence before the Gods of the tribunal from The book of going forth by day, also Book of the dead
Five Pillars of Islam
Five Precepts
Five Precepts (Taoism)
Ten Commandment Alternatives – Secular and humanist alternatives to the ten commandments
Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
Ten Conditions of Bai'at
[edit]References
^ "UBA: Rosenthaliana 1768" [English: 1768: The Ten Commandments, copied in Amsterdam Jekuthiel Sofer] (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 April 2012.
^ Rooker, Mark (2010). The Ten Commandments: Ethics for the Twenty-First Century. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group. p. 3. ISBN 0-8054-4716-4. Retrieved 2011-10-02. "The Ten Commandments are literally the "Ten Words" (ăśeret hadděbārîm) in Hebrew. The use of the term dābār, "word," in this phrase distinguishes these laws from the rest of the commandments (mişwâ), statutes (hōq), and regulations (mišpāţ) in the Old Testament."
^ a b "Exodus 34:28 – multiple versions and languages". Studybible.info. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ δεκάλογος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at Perseus Project
^ "Deuteronomy 10:4 – multiple versions and languages". Studybible.info. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ When LORD is printed in small caps, it typically represents the so-called Tetragrammaton, a Greek term representing the four Hebrews YHWH which indicates the divine name. This is typically indicated in the preface of most modern translations. For an example, see Crossway Bibles (28 December 2011), "Preface", Holy Bible: English Standard Version, Wheaton: Crossway, p. IX, ISBN 978-1-4335-3087-6, retrieved 19 November 2012
^ Deuteronomy 4:13, 5:22
^ Hebrews 12:20-21
^ Exodus 20:21
^ Exodus 24:4
^ Exodus 24:7
^ Exodus 24:1,9
^ Exodus.20:1;Exodus.32:15-19
^ Deuteronomy.4:10-13;Deut.5:22;Deut.9:17;Deut.10:1-5
^ "What Are the Ten Commandments". Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ Philo Judaeus. Concerning the Ten Words (Decalogue) (in Ancient Greek). Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ Mastrantonis, George. "The Ten Commandments". The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ Josephus Flavius. "Book 3, Chapter 5, Section 5". Antiquities of the Jews (in Ancient Greek).
^ a b c Herbert Huffmon, "The Fundamental Code Illustrated: The Third Commandment," in The Ten Commandments: The Reciprocity of Faithfulness, ed. William P. Brown., pp. 205–212. Westminster John Knox Press (2004). ISBN 0-664-22323-0
^ a b William Barclay, The Ten Commandments. Westminster John Knox Press (2001), originally The Plain Man's Guide to Ethics (1973). ISBN 0-664-22346-X
^ a b c Gail R. O'Day and David L. Petersen, Theological Bible Commentary, p. 34. Westminster John Knox Press (2009) ISBN 0-664-22711-2
^ Wayne D. Dosick, Living Judaism: The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition, and Practice, pp. 31–33. HarperCollins (1995). ISBN 0-06-062179-6
^ Norman Solomon, Judaism, p. 17. Sterling Publishing Company (2009) ISBN 1-4027-6884-2
^ a b c d e Simon Glustrom, The Myth and Reality of Judaism, pp 113–114. Behrman House (1989). ISBN 0-87441-479-2
^ [1][dead link]
^ Sebastian Dabovich, Preaching in the Russian Church, p. 65. Cubery (1899).
^ Alexander Hugh Hore, Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Church, p. 36. J. Parker and Co. (1899).
^ a b Jan Kreeft, Catholic Christianity: A Complete Catechism of Catholic Beliefs based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church, ch. 5. Ignatius Press (2001). ISBN 0-89870-798-6
^ a b c Timothy Sedgwick, The Christian Moral Life: Practices of Piety, pp. 9–20. Church Publishing (2008). ISBN 1-59627-100-0
^ Rabbi Ishmael. In Horowitz-Rabin (ed.). Mekhilta. pp. 233, Tractate de–ba–Hodesh, 5.
^ Margaliot, Dr. Meshulam (July 2004). "What was Written on the Two Tablets?". Bar-Ilan University. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
^ Exodus 32:15
^ Babylonian Talmud, tractate Shabbat 104a.
^ Talmud. tractate Berachot 12a.
^ Yerushalmi Berakhot, Chapter 1, fol. 3c. See also Rabbi David Golinkin, Whatever Happened to the Ten Commandments?
^ Gaster, Moses (1923). "The Samaritan Tenth Commandment". The Samaritans, Their History, Doctrines and Literature. The Schweich Lectures.
^ Kreeft, Peter (2001). Catholic Christianity. Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-798-6. pp. 201–203 (Google preview p.201)
^ Carmody, Timothy R. (2004). Reading the Bible. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4189-0. p. 82
^ Paragraph number 2052–2074 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^ Kreeft, Peter (2001). Catholic Christianity. Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-798-6. p. 202 (Google preview p.202)
^ Schreck, Alan (1999). The Essential Catholic Catechism. Servant Publications. ISBN 1-56955-128-6. p. 303
^ Luther's Small Catechism (1529)
^ Luther's Large Catechism (1529)
^ ALL Old Testament Laws Cancelled: 24 Reasons Why All Old Testament Laws Are Cancelled and All New Testament Laws Are for Our Obedience, Greg Gibson, 2008, page 7: "New Covenant Theology ... [has]... a better priest, better sacrifice, and better covenant (containing a better law)."
^ In Defense of the Decalogue : A Critique of New Covenant Theology, Richard Barcellos, Founder's Press, 2001. Barcellos is an associate professor of New Testament Studies at the Midwest Center for Theological Studies.
^ (Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbâth, Hebrew word #7676 in Strong's, meaning intensive "repose").
^ a b Synod of Laodicea (4th Century) – New Advent
^ Exodus 20:13 Multiple versions and languages.
^ Bloodguilt, Jewish Virtual Library, Genesis 4:10, Genesis 9:6, Genesis 42:22, Exodus 22:2-2, Leviticus 17:4, Leviticus 20, Numbers 20, Deuteronomy 19, Deuteronomy 32:43, Joshua 2:19, Judges 9:24, 1 Samuel 25, 2 Samuel 1, 2 Samuel 21, 1 Kings 2, 1 Kings 21:19, 2 Kings 24:4, Psalm 9:12, Psalm 51:14, Psalm 106:38, Proverbs 6:17, Isaiah 1:15, Isaiah 26:21, Jeremiah 22:17, Lamentations 4:13, Ezekiel 9:9, Ezekiel 36:18, Hosea 4:2, Joel 3:19, Habakkuk 2:8, Matthew 23:30-35, Matthew 27:4, Luke 11:50-51, Romans 3:15, Revelation 6:10, Revelation 18:24
^ Matthew 5:21, Matthew 15:19, Matthew 19:19, Matthew 22:7, Mark 10:19, Luke 18:20, Romans 13:9, 1 Timothy 1:9, James 2:11, Revelation 21:8
^ Matthew 23:30-35, Matthew 27:4, Luke 11:50-51, Romans 3:15, Revelation 6:10, Revelation 18:24
^ a b c d e Archpriest John W. Morris, The Historic Church: An Orthodox View of Christian History, chapter 7. AuthorHouse (2011) ISBN 1-4567-3492-X
^ a b Alexander Hugh Hore, Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Church, J. Parker and co. (1899)
"The images or Icons, as they are called, of the Greek Church are not, it must be remarked, sculptured images, but flat pictures or mosaics; not even the Crucifix is sanctioned; and herein consists the difference between the Greek and Roman Churches, in the latter of which both pictures and statues are allowed, and venerated with equal honour." p.353
^ Julius Wellhausen 1973 Prolegomena to the history of Israel Glouster, MA: Peter Smith. 392
^ Levinson, Bernard M. (July 2002). "Goethe's Analysis of Exodus 34 and Its Influence on Julius Wellhausen: The Pfropfung of the Documentary Hypothesis". Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 114 (2): 212–223
^ John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition. Philadelphia: the Westminster Press. 142-143
4th edition p.146-147 ISBN 0-664-22068-1
^ Bright, John, 2000, ''A History of Israel'' 4th ed. p.146. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition. Philadelphia: the Westminster Press. 142 4th ed. p.146+
^ John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition. Philadelphia: the Westminster Press. 146-147 4th ed. p.150-151
^ Cornfeld, Gaalyahu Ed Pictorial Biblical Encyclopedia, MacMillan 1964 p 237
^ John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition. Philadelphia: the Westminster Press. 165 4th ed. p.169-170
^ Morgenstern, Julius (1927), The Oldest Document of the Hexateuch IV, HUAC
^ Bright, John, 2000, ''A History of Israel'' 4th ed. p.173. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition. Philadelphia: the Westminster Press. 166 4th ed. p.170+
^ "The point here being underscored is that the Decalogue represents an earlier stage in the development of this tradition, and the Ten Commandments, when critically viewed, do not only NOT demand a monotheistic adherence, they clearly presuppose and affirm a polytheistic reality! Those who attempt to impose a principle of monotheism on the Ten Commandments are simply anticipating the historical development of the tradition ahead of its time and are thus already assuming what they pretend to discover." ("Tyranny, Taboo, and the Ten Commandments - The Decalogue Decoded And Its Impact on Civil Society", Hilton J. Bik, Xlibris Corporation 2008, p.199).
^ Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman (2002). The Bible Unearthed. p 63. ISBN 0-7432-2338-1
^ Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman (2002). The Bible Unearthed, p. 70.
^ a b Yehezkal Kaufmann 1960 The Religion of Israel: From its beginnings to the Babylonian Exile trans. and Abridged by Moshe Greenberg. New York: Schocken Books 174-175.
^ "Etched in Stone: The Emergence of the Decalogue" PDF (99.8 KB), The Chronicle, Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion, Issue 68, 2006, p. 42. "a critical survey of biblical literature demonstrates no cognizance of the ten commandments prior to the post-exilic period (after 586 B.C.E.)"
^ Exodus 34:28
^ Exodus 34:11–27
^ The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, 2007
^ The Hebrew Bible: A Brief Socio-Literary Introduction. Norman Gottwald, 2008
^ Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch. T. Desmond Alexander and David Weston Baker, 2003
^ Commentary on the Torah. Richard Elliott Friedman, 2003
^ Friedman, Richard Elliott The Bible with Sources Revealed 2003 p 7
^ Friedman, Richard Elliott The Bible with Sources Revealed 2003 page 153
^ Friedman, Richard Elliott "The Bible with Sources Revealed 2003 page 177
^ Friedman, Richard Elliott The Bible with Sources Revealed 2003 page 179
^ Friedman, Richard Elliott "Who Wrote The Bible?" 1987 pp 73-4
^ "MPR: The Ten Commandments: Religious or historical symbol?". News.minnesota.pub
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Post by ben on May 15, 2013 13:29:41 GMT -5
Adam and Eve
Tree of life and Tree of Knowledge
Serpent and sin
Cain and Abel
Noah and Flood
Abraham and Lot
Abraham and sarah
Sodom and Gomorrah
Isaac and Rebecca
Jacob and Esau
Rachael and Leah
Jacob and Rachael
Joseph and Benjamin
Ebrahim and Manasseh
Egypt and slavery
Moses and Aaron
Samson and Delilah
Mordecai and Esther
Naomi and Ruth
David and Goliath
David and Bathsheba
Solomon and wisdom
Jonah and City of Nineveh
Joseph and Mary
Arch angels Michael and Gabriel
Christ and Crucifix
adamandeve
adameve
treeoflifeandtreeofknowledge
treeoflifetreeofknowledge
serpentandsin
serpentsin
cainandabel
cainabel
noahandflood
noahflood
abrahamandlot
abrahamlot
sodomandgomorrah
sodomgomorrah
isaacandrebecca
isaacrebecca
jacobandesau
jacobesau
rachelandleah
rachelleah
jacobandrachel
jacobrachel
josephandbenjamin
josephbenjamin
ebrahimandmanasseh
ebrahimmanasseh
egyptandslavery
egyptslavery
mosesandaaron
mosesaaron
samsonanddelilah
samsondelilah
mordecaiandesther
mordecaiesther
naomiandruth
naomiruth
davidandgoliath
davidgoliath
davidandbathsheba
davidbathsheba
solomonandwisdom
solomonwisdom
jonahandcityofnineveh
jonahcityofnineveh
josephandmary
josephmary
archangelsmichaelandgabriel
archangelsmichaelgabriel
michaelgabriel
michaelandgabriel
christandcrucifix
christcrucifix
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Post by ben on May 15, 2013 13:30:37 GMT -5
joseph&mary joseph & mary
Joseph & Mary
Joseph and Mary
Joseph
Mary
Oh my asdfghjkl;'
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Post by ben on May 15, 2013 13:31:23 GMT -5
noahsark
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Post by ben on May 15, 2013 13:34:53 GMT -5
The Whale Wall (I): The Ark Wall (II): The Elephant Wall (III):
Conure
Armadillo Newt
Butterfly
Lion
Cat Rabbit
Dog
Owl
Cow Sheep
Elephant
Polar Bear
Duck Turtle
Fox
Umbrella Cockatoo
Giraffe Toucan
Meerkat
Vole
Horse Woodpecker
Quail
Whale
Scarlet Ibis Xenopus
Woodpecker
Walrus
Junco Zebra
Yellowthroat
Wolf
Kangaroo
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